Contents

pp.：  5 – 8

Preface

pp.：  9 – 14

Chapter One: Introduction

pp.：  15 – 14

1.1 Background

pp.：  15 – 15

1.2 Kitan words in Chinese works

pp.：  16 – 16

1.3 Creation of the Kitan scripts

pp.：  17 – 16

1.4 Use of the Kitan script under the Jin

pp.：  17 – 17

1.5 The Kitan inscriptions

pp.：  18 – 17

1.6 Name of the Liao State

pp.：  18 – 18

1.7 The Yelü clan and the Xiao clan

pp.：  19 – 18

1.8 Names of Liao emperors

pp.：  19 – 19

1.9 Reign titles of Liao emperors

pp.：  20 – 19

1.10 Reign titles of Jin emperors

pp.：  20 – 20

1.11 The ten stems and twelve branches

pp.：  21 – 20

1.12 The five colours or the five elements

pp.：  21 – 20

1.13 Cyclical stems; the five elements; the five colours

pp.：  21 – 21

1.14 The twelve animals

pp.：  22 – 21

1.15 Sources

pp.：  22 – 25

1.16 Early Chinese research

pp.：  26 – 25

1.17 Arrangement of the small graphs to form words

pp.：  26 – 27

1.18 Japanese research

pp.：  28 – 28

1.19 Russian and other research

pp.：  29 – 28

1.20 The Kitan Small Script Research Group

pp.：  29 – 32

1.21 Research on Kitan words in Chinese sources

pp.：  33 – 33

1.22 Research since Research

pp.：  34 – 38

1.23 Other research

pp.：  39 – 39

1.24 Transcription of the small Kitan script

pp.：  40 – 40

1.25 Transcription of logographs

pp.：  41 – 40

1.26 The dotted forms

pp.：  41 – 40

1.27 Similar and probably identical graphs

pp.：  41 – 40

1.28 Probably miswritten graphs

pp.：  41 – 41

1.29 Similar but different graphs

pp.：  42 – 41

1.30 Phonograms

pp.：  42 – 42

1.31 Graphs only used to write Chinese

pp.：  43 – 42

1.32 Symbols used for the Kitan vowels

pp.：  43 – 42

1.33 Syllables of the VV type

pp.：  43 – 43

1.34 Syllables of the VC type

pp.：  44 – 43

1.35 Syllables of the C and CV type

pp.：  44 – 43

1.36 Vowel harmony

pp.：  44 – 45

1.37 Inherent vowels

pp.：  46 – 46

1.38 Possible multiple readings of Kitan graphs

pp.：  47 – 48

Chapter Two: Analysis of the Kitan small graphs

pp.：  49 – 96

Chapter Three: English-Kitan glossary

pp.：  97 – 144

Chapter Four: Morphology

pp.：  145 – 144

4.1 Accusative-instrumental in

pp.：  145 – 145

4.2 The genitive in an

pp.：  146 – 145

4.3 The genitive in en

pp.：  146 – 146

4.4 The genitive in in

pp.：  147 – 147

4.5 The genitive in on

pp.：  148 – 147

4.6 The genitive in un

pp.：  148 – 148

4.7 The genitive in n

pp.：  149 – 148

4.8 The genitive in in

pp.：  149 – 149

4.9 The genitive in i

pp.：  150 – 149

4.10 The dative-locative in de

pp.：  150 – 150

4.11 The dative-locative in do

pp.：  151 – 151

4.12 The dative-locative in du

pp.：  152 – 151

4.13 The dative-locative in iu

pp.：  152 – 151

4.14 The prolative (ablative) in de.i

pp.：  152 – 151

4.15 The plural in d

pp.：  152 – 153

4.16 The plural in t

pp.：  154 – 153

4.17 The plural in ad

pp.：  154 – 154

4.18 The plural in od

pp.：  155 – 154

4.19 The plural in ud

pp.：  155 – 154

4.20 The plural in se

pp.：  155 – 155

4.21 Other plurals

pp.：  156 – 155

4.22 Order of suffixes

pp.：  156 – 155

4.23 Summary table of genitive, dative and plural suffixes

pp.：  156 – 156

4.24 Ordinal numbers used with masculine nouns

pp.：  157 – 156

4.25 Ordinal numbers used with feminine nouns

pp.：  157 – 157

4.26 Grammatical gender: past tense of verbs

pp.：  158 – 157

4.27 Grammatical gender: the dotted forms

pp.：  158 – 157

4.28 Verbal morphology

pp.：  158 – 158

4.29 The past tense in ar

pp.：  159 – 158

4.30 The past tense in er

pp.：  159 – 159

4.31 The past tense in or

pp.：  160 – 159

4.32 The past tense in l.un

pp.：  160 – 160

4.33 The past tense in bo.n ~ b.un ~ bun

pp.：  161 – 161

4.34 The causative/passive in le.ha ~ le.ge

pp.：  162 – 162

4.35 Causatives and passives in context

pp.：  163 – 162

4.36 The converb in vowel + i

pp.：  163 – 163

4.37 The converb in -s.ii

pp.：  164 – 164

4.38 Converbs in context

pp.：  165 – 166

4.39 The converb in al

pp.：  167 – 166

4.40 The converbs in ci and ji

pp.：  167 – 167

4.41 Finite verbs and converbs in context

pp.：  168 – 168

4.42 Verbal nouns in vowel + [n]

pp.：  169 – 168

4.43 Verbal nouns in bo.n

pp.：  169 – 168

4.44 Verbal nouns and adjectives in hu gi ho

pp.：  169 – 169

4.45 Copula: p.u ~ b.u 'to be'

pp.：  170 – 169

4.46 Copula: ei 'to have, to exist'

pp.：  170 – 170

4.47 The copula: iu 'not to exist, to die'

pp.：  171 – 171

4.48 The copula: a

pp.：  172 – 171

4.49 Supplement: Reign titles

pp.：  172 – 172

4.50 Notes on Liao reign titles

pp.：  173 – 175

4.51 Some comments on the word for Kitan

pp.：  176 – 178

4.52 Some comments on the word for Jurchen

pp.：  179 – 180

Chapter Five: The Kitan large script

pp.：  181 – 180

5.1 The nature of the Kitan large script

pp.：  181 – 181

5.2 Sources

pp.：  182 – 182

5.3 Early research (until 2000)

pp.：  183 – 184

5.4 Recent research (since 2000)

pp.：  185 – 189

5.5 The five elements / five colours

pp.：  190 – 189

5.6 The four seasons

pp.：  190 – 189

5.7 The four directions

pp.：  190 – 189

5.8 The twelve zodiac animals

pp.：  190 – 190

5.9 Numerals

pp.：  191 – 190

5.10 List of graphs used to write Chinese titles in the large script

pp.：  191 – 195

5.11 Glossary of basic words in the Kitan large script

pp.：  196 – 198

Chapter Six: Texts in the Kitan small script

pp.：  199 – 198

6.1 The Langjun inscription

pp.：  199 – 199

6.2 Chinese text of the Langjun inscription

pp.：  200 – 199

6.3 Kitan text of the Langjun inscription

pp.：  200 – 203

6.4 The Epitaph of Yelü Dilie

pp.：  204 – 203

6.5 Biography of Yelü Dilie from the Liaoshi

pp.：  204 – 204

6.6 Kitan text of the Epitaph of Yelü Dilie

pp.：  205 – 224

6.7 Partial translation of the Epitaph of Yelü Dilie

pp.：  225 – 227

6.8 Kitan text of the Eulogy for Empress Xuanyi

pp.：  228 – 236

6.9 Translation of Chinese text of the Eulogy for Empress Xuanyi

pp.：  237 – 240

Chapter Seven: Liao Chinese

pp.：  241 – 240

7.1 The Chinese language beyond Hebei

pp.：  241 – 241

7.2 Northeastern China during the Late Tang

pp.：  242 – 241

7.3 Possible altaic influence on Chinese

pp.：  242 – 242

7.4 Middle Chinese

pp.：  243 – 243

7.5 Synoptic chart of transcription symbols for MC initials

pp.：  244 – 244

7.6 Transcription of MC finals

pp.：  245 – 244

7.7 The rhyme groups of LMC

pp.：  245 – 245

7.8 Late Tang North-western Chinese

pp.：  246 – 245

7.9 The Sisheng dengzi

pp.：  246 – 246

7.10 The Qieyun zhizhangtu

pp.：  247 – 247

7.11 The Huangji jingshi shu

pp.：  248 – 248

7.12 The fanqie spellings of Zhu Xi

pp.：  249 – 248

7.13 Rhymes in Northern Song poetry

pp.：  249 – 249

7.14 Xixia transcriptions

pp.：  250 – 250

7.15 The Zhongyuan yinyun

pp.：  251 – 251

7.16 The Menggu ziyun

pp.：  252 – 252

7.17 Uighur and Xixia transcriptions of Chinese

pp.：  253 – 252

7.18 Kitan and hP'agspa transcriptions of Liao-Yuan Chinese

pp.：  253 – 253

7.19 Rhymes in Liao poetry

pp.：  254 – 254

7.20 Development of rhyme groups from Late Tang to Yuan

pp.：  255 – 256

7.21 Finals in Liao Chinese

pp.：  257 – 265

7.22 The question of the glottal stop

pp.：  266 – 266

7.23 Finals derived from MC final stops in Kitan transcription

pp.：  267 – 266

7.24 Kitan transcriptions of characters with MC final stops

pp.：  267 – 268

7.25 Initials of Liao Chinese

pp.：  269 – 273

7.26 Conclusions

pp.：  274 – 274

7.27 The phonological system of Liao Chinese

pp.：  275 – 275

7.28 Suggested Liao Chinese readings

pp.：  276 – 278

Postscript

pp.：  279 – 282

Bibliography

pp.：  283 – 308

Index

pp.：  309 – 314

Index of graphs

pp.：  315 – 320