Contents

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

1. The/ {Animal Apocalypse} as Allegory

2. Unresolved Questions about the/ {Animal Apocalypse}

3. History and Theology in the/ {Animal Apocalypse}: Recent Scholarship

4. The Present Study

5. Thesis

Part One. The Animal Apocalypse and the Offspring of Abraham

Chapter One. Looking at the Future: The Scope and the Focus of the Allegory

1. Is the Scope of the Allegory Particular or Universal?

2. The Focus of the Allegory: Eschatological Transformation

a. The nagar of 1En 90:38

b. Who Is the White Bull?

3. The Enoch Tradition and the Abrahamic Covenant

4. Jacob and the Enochic Tradition

a. Jacob, Enoch, and the "Book of the Watchers" (1En 1-36)

b. Jacob, Enoch, and the "Astronomy Book" (1En 72-82)

c. Jacob, Enoch, and the "Admonitions of Enoch" (1En 91-105)

d. Jacob, Enoch, and the "Parables of Enoch" (1En 37-71)

e. Preliminary Conclusions, with a Caution

5. Jacob, Enoch, and the/ {Animal Apocalypse}

Chapter Two. Looking at the Past: The Uses of History in the Allegory

1. Is There "History" between the Two Jacobs?

2. Qualifying for the Blessing

3. "Open Eyes": Seeing the Glory of God

4. Enoch and Jacob: Seers of the Glory

5. Color and Location

a. Black versus White

b. Straying versus Staying-Returning

6. The Three Dynamics

7. Conclusions

Chapter Three. Looking at the Present: The Allegory in Its Own Historical Context

1. Why Support the Revolt?

2. Suiting the Allegory to Service as Propaganda

a. The Sin of Fratricide

b. The Strengths and Limitations of Leadership

c. The Diplomatic Touch

3. Establishing a Two-Fold Authority

a. The Authority of Enoch

b. The Authority of Scripture and History

4. Predicting the End

5. The Evidence of the/ {Book of Jubilees}

6. Conclusions

Part Two. The Animal Apocalypse (1En 85:2-90:42) Translation and Commentary

Chapter Four. The Text of the Animal Apocalypse

1. Aramaic (Dead Sea Scrolls)

2. Greek

3. Ethiopic

Chapter Five. Identifications of the Wild Animals in the Animal Apocalypse

1. The Animals in 1En 89:10-11: Species

2. The Animals in 1En 89:10-11: Ethnic/Political Identity

a. "The Beasts of the Field"

b. "The Birds of the Sky"

Chapter Six. Genesis through Kings (1 Enoch 85:2-89:58) Translation and Commentary

85:2-10: The First Generations of Humanity

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

86:1-87:1: The Fall of the Watchers and the Birth of the Giants

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

87:2-89:1: The Seven Archangels and the First Judgment

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

89:2-9: The Flood

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

89:10-14: Noah to Joseph

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

89:15-27: Moses and the Exodus

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

89:28-40: From the Exodus to the Settlement in the Land

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

89:41-50: From the Judges to Solomon

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

89:51-58: The Period of the Divided Kingdom

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

Chapter Seven. Exile to the Eschaton (1Enoch 89:59-90:42) Translation and Commentary

89:59-64: The Seventy Shepherds

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

89:65-72a: The First Period: The Babylonian Era

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

89:72b-90:1: The Second Period: The Persian Era

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

90:2-5: The Third Period: The Macedonian-Ptolemaic Era

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

90:6-12: The Fourth Period: The Seleucid Era

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

90:13-19: The Final War

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

90:20-27: The Last Judgment

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

90:28-36: The New Jerusalem

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

90:37-39: The New Humanity

Translation Notes

General Comments

Explanatory Comments

90:40-42: Epilogue

Translation Notes

General Comments

Part Three. The Animal Apocalypse and the Ongoing Conversation

Chapter Eight. The Animal Apocalypse in Dialogue

1. Looking at the Past: The "Wisdom" Approach to History

2. Looking at the Present: The Jewish-Hellenistic Encounter and the Maccabean Revolt

3. Looking at the Future: The Eschatology of the/ {Animal Apocalypse} and the Apostle Paul

4. Conclusions

Appendix. Allusions to the Animal Apocalypse in the Epistle of Barnabas and the Coptic Apocalypse of Elijah

1. {The Epistle of Barnabas}

2. The Coptic/ {Apocalypse of Elijah}

3. Conclusions

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Lexicons and Other Reference Works

Commentaries, Monographs and Articles

Index of Modern Authors

Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Writings

Subject Index