CONTENTS

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

PART I SETTING THE STAGE

1. Introduction

1.1 What we need to know

1.2 Why Timor-Leste?

1.3 Overview of study

2. Creating a Framework

2.1 Positioning the basic ideas

2.2 Understanding gender power-relations

Gender power-relations

Dimensions of gender power-relations

2.3 What causes change in gender power-relations?

The context of armed confl ict

A peace operation intervenes

2.4 Conclusions

PART II INTO THE FIELD IN TIMOR-LESTE

3. Prologue

3.1 Focus of description

Sources and information

3.2 Overview of time-period and operations

4. Context of confl ict: Timor-Leste 1975–1999

4.1 Timorese parties and gender power-relations

4.2 Confl ict and gender power-relations

4.3 The Timor-Leste confl ict and the UN

5. Peace operations intervene 1999–2006

5.1 The mandate and structure of UN operations

Security versus politics? UNTAET peacekeeping and peacebuilding

5.2 UN operation policy and Timorese security

Establishing security through military means

Handling the old and new military of Timor-Leste

Creating internal security

Creating insecurity?—The behavior of UN peace-operation personnel

5.3 UN operation policy and Timorese politics

Administrating a state

Organizing democratic elections

Building government

PART III PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER

6. The framework at work

6.1 Advancing gender power-relations

Political Equality

Security Equality

Conclusions

6.2 How peace operations affect gender power-relations

Awareness in implementation

Handling local military

Local cooperation

Personnel behavior

Gender-balanced composition

Operation leadership

Conclusions

6.3 Are these effects unique for Timor-Leste?

7. The contributions

7.1 What we have learned?

7.2 Where do we go from here?

List of interviews

Bibliography