Fossil Fungi

Author: Taylor   Thomas N;Krings   Michael;Taylor   Edith L.  

Publisher: Elsevier Science‎

Publication year: 2014

E-ISBN: 9780123877543

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780123877314

P-ISBN(Hardback):  9780123877314

Subject: Q91 Paleontology;Q949.32 Eumycota, Mycobionta

Language: ENG

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Description

Fungi are ubiquitous in the world and responsible for driving the evolution and governing the sustainability of ecosystems now and in the past. Fossil Fungi is the first encyclopedic book devoted exclusively to fossil fungi and their activities through geologic time. The book begins with the historical context of research on fossil fungi (paleomycology), followed by how fungi are formed and studied as fossils, and their age. The next six chapters focus on the major lineages of fungi, arranging them in phylogenetic order and placing the fossils within a systematic framework. For each fossil the age and provenance are provided.

Each chapter provides a detailed introduction to the living members of the group and a discussion of the fossils that are believed to belong in this group. The extensive bibliography (~ 2700 entries) includes papers on both extant and fossil fungi. Additional chapters include lichens, fungal spores, and the interactions of fungi with plants, animals, and the geosphere. The final chapter includes a discussion of fossil bacteria and other organisms that are fungal-like in appearance, and known from the fossil record. The book includes more than 475 illustrations, almost all in color, of fossil fungi, line drawings, and portraits of people, as well as a glossary of more than 700 mycological and paleontological terms that will be useful to both biologists and geoscientists.

  • First book devoted to the whole spectrum of the fossil r

Chapter

What is Paleomycology?

History of Paleomycology

Naming Fossil Fungi

2 How Fungal Fossils are Formed and Studied

Preservation

Impressions

Compressions

Coal

Charcoal

Casts

Petrifactions and Permineralizations

Petrifactions

Permineralizations

Unaltered Material

Amber

Mummified Wood

Geochemical Evidence

Rock Surfaces

Nodules

Carbon Spherules

Unusual Preservation Types Containing Fungal Remains

Coprolites

Fungi and Crystals

3 How Old are the Fungi?

Phylogenetic Systematics

Molecular Clocks

Early Fossil Evidence

Fungi and the First Land Plants

Symbiosis: A Critical Component of Life

4 Chytridiomycota

Fossil Chytrids

Precambrian Evidence

Rhynie Chert Chytrids

Carboniferous and Permian Chytrids

Problems in Naming Fossil Chytrids

Chytrids on Carboniferous Vegetative Tissues

Chytrids in and on Carboniferous Plant Spores

Chytrids in and on Paleozoic Pollen Grains

Chytrids and Seeds

Parasitic Chytrids and Host Responses

Epibiotic and Endobiotic Mycoparasites

Host Responses

Nothia aphylla – Multiple Host Responses

Hypertrophy

Mesozoic and Cenozoic Chytrids

Chytrid Summary

5 Blastocladiomycota

Fossil Blastocladiomycota

Palaeoblastocladia Milleri

6 Zygomycetes

Precambrian Microfossils

Rhynie Chert

Zygosporangium-Gametangia Complexes and Sporocarps

Carboniferous

Triassic

“Sporocarps” and Other Fossils of Uncertain Affinities

“Sporocarps”

Other Enigmatic Fossils

Amber Fossils

Ichnotaxa

Conclusions: Zygomycetes

7 Glomeromycota

Biology of Glomeromycotan Fungi

Arum and Paris Morphological Types

Ecology

Systematics and Biodiversity

Glomeromycotan Characters

Glomeromycotan Reproduction

Fossil Glomeromycota

Rhynie Chert Asexual Spores

Glomoid Spore Types

Gigasporoid Spore Types

Acaulosporoid Spore Types

Carboniferous and Permian Spores

Mesozoic, Cenozoic, and Subfossil Spores

Sporocarps

Root Nodules

Fossil Evidence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Evolution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

8 Ascomycota

Geologic History of Ascomycota

Paleozoic Ascomycetes

Paleopyrenomycites devonicus

Palaeosclerotium pusillum

“Sporocarps”

Mesozoic and Cenozoic Ascomycetes

Taxa Incertae Sedis

Pezizomycotina

Eurotiomycetes

Sordariomycetes

Dothideomycetes

Leotiomycetes

Laboulbeniomycetes

Fungal Endophytes and Epiphylls

Endophytes

Fossil Fungal Endophytes

Epiphylls – Fungi on Leaf Surfaces

Conclusions: Endophytes and Epiphylls

9 Basidiomycota

Fossil Basidiomycetes

Agaricomycotina

Agaricales

Gasteroid Fungi

Gilled Mushrooms

Boletales

Hymenochaetales

Polyporales

Wood Rot

Fossil Wood Rot

Pucciniomycotina

Pucciniales

Fossil Rusts

Ustilaginomycotina

Fossil Smuts

Ectomycorrhizae

Fossil Ectomycorrhizae

10 Lichens

Thallus Morphology and Structure

Lichen Reproduction

Lichen Evolution

Precambrian Evidence of Lichens

Paleozoic Lichens

Mesozoic Lichens

Cenozoic Lichens

Fossils that Might Be Lichens

11 Fungal Spores

Naming Fungal Spores

Fungal Spores in Stratigraphy

Fungal Spores in Paleoecology

Fungal Spore Taxa

Amerospores

Basidiosporites

Diporisporites

Exesisporites

Hypoxylonites

Inapertisporites

Lacrimasporonites

Monoporisporites

Palaeoamphisphaerella

Didymospores

Dicellaesporites

Didymoporisporonites

Diploneurospora

Dyadosporites

Fusiformisporites

Phragmospores

Fractisporonites

Reduviasporonites

Brachysporisporites

Chaetosphaerites

Diporicellaesporites

Foveoletisporonites

Multicellaesporites

Ornasporonites

Pluricellaesporites

Polycellaesporonites

Dictyospores

Dictyosporites

Spinosporonites

Staphlosporonites

Tricellaesporonites

Scolecospores

Scolecosporites

Helicospores

Elsikisporonites

Involutisporonites

Staurospores

Tribolites

Frasnacritetrus

Other Fungal Spores and Structures

Hyphomycetes

Agonomycetes

Coelomycetes

12 Fungal Interactions

Fungus–Animal Interactions

Glomeromycota and Animals

Coprolites

Arthropod Coprolites

Large Animal Coprolites

Fungi and Arthropods

Fungus Gardens

Carnivorous Fungi

Fungi and Nematodes

Trichomycetes

Fungi in Eggs

Trace Fossils (Ichnofossils)

Fungus-Fungus Interactions

Fungus–Plant Interactions

Fungus–Geosphere Interactions

Bioerosion and Rock Weathering

Rhizosphere

Evidence of Biogenic Activity

Substrate Boring

Taxa

Paleoecology

13 Bacteria and Fungus-Like Organisms

Bacteria

Fossil Bacteria

Fossil Bacteria as Endosymbionts

Fossil Bacteria in the Rhynie Chert

Actinomycetes

Fossil Actinomycetes

Mycetozoa

Fossil Mycetozoa

Peronosporomycetes

Fossil Peronosporomycetes

Oogonium–Antheridium Complexes

Carboniferous–Permian

Peronosporomycetes: Conclusions

Glossary

References

Index

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