Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Illustrations

PART 1

Chapter 1 Previous Scholarship: Concerns аnd Limitations

Chapter 2 “A Clear Language that Ordinary People Understand”: The Linguistic Background

2.1 The Melkites

2.2 The Syriac-Orthodox Church

2.3 The Church of the East

2.5 Jewish Communities

2.6 The Samaritans

Chapter 3 The Rise of Arabic Translations

3.1 Melkite Translations

3.2 West- and East-Syriac Translations

3.3 Coptic Translations

3.4 Mozarabic Translations

3.5 Jewish Translations

3.5.1 Early Non-Saadianic Translations

3.5.2 The Tafsīr of Saadiah Gaon

3.5.3 Qaraite Translations

3.6 Samaritan Translations

Chapter 4 Muslims and Their Use of the Arabic Pentateuch

4.1 ʿAlī ibn Rabban

4.2 Ibn Qutayba

4.3 Al-Ṭabarī

4.4 Ibn Ḥazm

Chapter 5 The Arabic Pentateuch in Early Printed Books

5.1 The Constantinople Polyglot

5.2 Pentateuchus Mosis Arabicè

5.3 The Paris Polyglot

5.4 The London Polyglot

5.5 Biblia Sacra Arabica (1671–73)

Chapter 6 Summary

PART 2

Chapter 7 Introduction

7.1 The Manuscripts

7.1.1 Sinai, MS Ar. 2

7.1.2 Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Hunt. 186

7.1.3 St. Petersburg, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, MS D 226

7.2 Textual Affinities

7.3 Text Divisions

Chapter 8 Translation Technique

8.1 Syntax

8.1.1 Word Order

8.1.2 Coordinate Clauses

8.1.3 Subordinate Clauses

8.1.4 Conditional Clauses

8.1.5 Interrogative Clauses

8.1.6 Moods

8.1.7 Infinitives

8.1.8 Participles

8.1.9 Negation

8.1.10 The Vocative

8.1.11 Summary

8.2 Vocabulary

8.2.1 Use of Cognates

8.2.2 Transliterations

8.2.3 Homophonic Roots

8.2.4 Islamic Vocabulary

8.2.5 Alternative Translations

8.2.6 Lexical Consistency

8.2.7 Names

8.2.8 The Lexical Representation of Anthropomorphisms

8.2.9 Summary

8.3 Particles

8.3.1 The Accusative Marker ܝܬ

8.3.2 The Accusative Marker -ܠ

8.3.3 The Particle of Being ܐܝܬ

8.3.4 The Particles of Similitude ܐܟܘܬ ,ܐܝܟ, and ܐܝܟܢܐ

8.3.5 The Particle of Possession -ܕܝܠ

8.3.6 The Particle ܗܐ

8.3.7 Prepositions

8.3.8 Summary

8.4 Style

8.4.1 Additions

8.4.2 Omissions

8.4.3 Substitutions

8.4.4 Summary

Chapter 9 Conclusion

9.1 The Division into Elements or Segments

9.2 Addition or Subtraction of Elements

9.3 Consistency and Inconsistency

9.4 Accuracy and Conveyance of Semantic Information

9.5 Coded “Etymological” Indication of Formal/Semantic Relationships Found in the Source Language

9.6 Level of Text and Level of Analysis

Appendices

Inventory of Manuscripts

1 ArabHeb: Translations from the Hebrew

2 ArabSyr: Translations from the Syriac

3 ArabSyr_Hex: Translations from the Syro-Hexapla

4 ArabGreek: A Translation from the Greek

5 ArabCopt: Translations from the Coptic

6 Manuscripts Based on Prints

7 Unidentified or Not Accessible

Text Divisions

Bibliography

Index of Subjects

Index of Sources

Index of Manuscripts