Contents

1. Introduction: Legitimacy, Religion, and Violence

1.1 Legitimacy, Rights, and Duties in the Liberal Constitutional State

1.2 Religion and Political Legitimacy

1.3 Overview of Chapters

2. Medieval Foundations

2.1 Legitimizing Violence in the Medieval Christian Tradition

2.1.1 Religious Justifications of the Crusades and Violence against Religious Dissenters

Legitimizing the Crusades

Legitimizing Violence against Religious Dissenters

Legitimizing Violence against Dissenting Rule

2.1.2 Religious Justifications of Violence against the Church

2.1.3 Religious Justifications for Protesting against (Secular) Authorities

2.2 Legitimizing Violence in the Classic/Premodern Islamic Traditions

2.2.1 Concept(s) of Jihad

2.2.2 Sunni Perspective on Religious Dissent and (Foreign) Muslim Aggression

2.2.3 Sunni and Non-Sunni Perspectives on Disobedience and Revolt

2.3 Summary and Comparison

3. Religion and Violence in Twentieth Century Islam and Christianity

3.1 Latin American Christian Perspectives: Revolution and Counter- Revolution

3.1.1 Liberation Theology’s Accounts on (Violent) Resistance

Camilo Torres’s Socio-Religious Argument for Violent Change

Macro Politico-Religious Analysis and Revolution: José Comblin

Ignacio Ellacuría’s Theological-Philosophical Perspectives on Violence

3.1.2 Religious Justifications for Counter-Revolution

Alfonso López Trujillo and Roger Vekemans

The Societies for the Defense of Tradition, Family, and Property (TFP)

3.2 Islam and Violence in the Twentieth Century

3.2.1 Anti-State Violence in Contemporary Sunni Islam

Al-Afghani’s Pan-Islamism

Hasan al-Banna and Muslim Liberation

Sayyid Qutb: Jihad against Jahiliyya

?Abd al-Salam Faraj: Theory put into Action

3.2.2 Shi?i Theory and the Iranian Revolution

?Ali Shari?ati’s Legacy

Mutahhari’s Jihad

Khomeini: The Jurists’ Guardianship

3.3 Summary and Comparison

4. Insights and Implications: Duties, Rights, and Legitimizing Violence

4.1 The West

4.2 Legitimacy, Rights, and Justice

4.3 Legitimacy and Religion

4.4 Patterns Legitimizing Political Violence

4.5 Implications for Conflict Prevention and Resolution

Bibliography

Index