Chapter
1. What Is a Secular State?
The Concept of the Secular State
Separation of State and Religion
The Secular State in History
Church and State Through the Middle Ages
The Reformation: Religious Diversity and its Problems
The American Experiment of Church-State Separation
Church and State in Modern Europe
2. The Problem in the Asian Setting
The Nature of the Major Religions
Hinduism: Metaphysical Tolerance and Social Rigidity
Buddhism: Social Freedom and Ecclesiastical Power
Islam: Decisiveness of History and All-pervasive Law
The Role of Religious Minorities
American Separation of Church and State in the Philippines
British Religious Neutrality in India
French Secularism and Anticlericalism in Indo-China
The Dutch Established Church in Indonesia
The Pattern of Nationalism
Buddhism in Burmese and Ceylonese Nationalism
Islam in Indonesian Nationalism
Religion in Indian Nationalism and the Pakistan Movement
Turkey as a Secular State
3. The Historical Foundation
Ancient and Medieval India
Dharma and the Hindu State
Islam and the Muslim State
The Policy of Religious Neutrality
Patron and Protector of Indian Religions
The Church of England in India
Constitutional Reforms and Separate Electorates
Hinduism and Indian Nationalism
Religious Policies of the Princely States
4. The Constitutional Framework
Individual Freedom of Religion
Limitations Imposed by Indian Conditions
Collective Freedom of Religion
No State Discrimination on Grounds of Religion
Applying the Non-discrimination Principle
Non-discrimination in Political Functions
Separation of State and Religion
Taxation and Religious Education
An Evaluation of the Constitution
Appendix to Chapter 4: Constitutional Provisions Regarding the Secular State
5. The Theoretical Undergirding
The Theory of Indian Nationalism
The Theory of Hindu Tolerance
Gandhian Universalism and the Secular State
The Theory of Western Secularism
Materialist and Christian Interpretations
A Western Conception: Relevant to India?
Part 3. Religious Liberty and State: Regulation
6. The Propagation of Religion
Conflicting Views of Propagation
The General Hindu Attitude
The Hindu Universalist Approach
The Hindu Communalist Position
The Indian Christian Stand
The Humanist Liberal Position
State Regulation of Propagation
Provisions in the Indian Constitution
Legislation Relating to Conversions
7. The Question of Foreign Missionaries
Policies Past and Present
Religious Neutrality Under the British
The First Years of Independence
Factors in the Formulation of a New Policy
The 1955 Policy Statement
Findings of the Niyogi Committee
Recommendations and Reactions
The Issue for the Secular State
8. Problems of Regulation and Reform
Public Safety and the Regulation of Religion
The Suppression of Anti-social Religious Practices
The Preservation of Public Order
Restrictions on Political Involvement
The State as Religious Reformer
The Historical Perspective
The Problem for the Modern Indian State
9. The Reform of Hindu Temples
Reform of Religious and Caste Practices
Animal Sacrifices and Temple Prostitution
Temple Entry Rights for Harijans
Reform of Temple Administration
The 1959 Version of the Endowments Law
Alternative Approaches to the Problem
The Central Government Enters the Picture
Regulation of the Activities of Sadhus
Part 4. State Versus Religious Regulation of Society
10. Religion, Law, and Secularism
The Problem in Historical Perspective
The Secularization of Law in the West
The Early Legal System of British India
Codification and Legislation Under the British
The Problem in Present-Day India
The Special Marriage Act and the Hindu Code Bill
Hindu Marriage, Divorce, Adoption and Succession
Interpretations of Hindu Law Legislation
11. Caste and the Secular State
Changing Relationships: Caste and Religion
Caste and Traditional Hindu Religion
Caste, Religion, and Reform
Changing Relationships: Caste and the State
Caste and the Hindu State
Caste and the British Government of India
Problems of Present-Day Policy
Legislation to Protect the Individual
Backward Classes to the Fore
The Problem of Harijan Converts
A Note to Part 4-Religion and Society: Disengagement and New Relationships
Part 5. The Secular State and Culture
12. Education and Religion
The Pattern of Education in British India
Grants-in-aid and Religious Instruction
Religious Instruction in Government Schools
Proposals for Religious Instruction
Religion in Basic Education
State Control of Private Schools
New Aspects of Religious Instruction
State Control of Private School Administration
The Kerala Education Bill
13. Hinduism and Indian Culture
Interpretations of Indian Culture
Indian Culture as Hindu Culture
Indian Culture as Composite Culture
Cultural Policy in Practice
The Buddha Jayanti Celebrations
Contemporary Indian Culture
The Official Language of India
Part 6. Majority-Minority Relations
14. A Report on the Minorities
Protection of the Rights of Minorities
The Muslims: Radical Reorientation
Cultural Values or Economic Progress?
The Christians: Integration Without Syncretism
Christians and the Government
The Sikhs: Religio-Political Conflicts
The Politics of Gurdwara Control
Punjabi Suba or Sikh State?
15. The Challenge of Hindu Communalism
The Origin and Development of Hindu Communalism
The Hindu Mahasabha: Ideology Since 1947
The RSS: Militant Hindu Society in Embryo
The Jana Sangh: Revisionist Communalism
Political Fortunes Since Independence
Communalism in the Congress
The Controversy Over Cow Slaughter
Part 7. Problems and Prospects
16. The Building of a Secular State
Major Problems for the Secular State
Is India a Secular State?
Chart Asian Religions and the Secular State
India as a Secular State
( Princeton Legacy Library )
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