"AND SCRIPTURE CANNOT BE BROKEN"

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Preface

Introduction

Chapter One: Review of the Scholarly Literature on the Testimonia Hypothesis

1.1 Overview of the Chapter

1.2 Modern Scholarly Investigations of Scriptural Quotations in the New Testament

1.3 Nineteenth Century German Roots of Testimonia Hypotheses

1.4 Edwin Hatch's "Excerpta Collections" and German Reaction

1.5 An Alternative to Written Collections: "Traditional" Scriptural Proof-Texts

1.6 British Support for Hatch's Proposal

1.7 Papias's λóγια and the Testimonia Hypothesis

1.8 J. Rendel Harris and Testimonies

1.9 Reactions to Harris

1.10 Testimonia and Early Anti-Jewish Literature

1.11 Testimonia and Messianic Debates

1.12 C.H. Dodd: Recovering the "Sub-structure" of the Kerygma

1.13 Barnabas Lindars: The Apologetic Life-Setting of the Testimonia

1.14 Testimonia Collections and Other Intermediate Sources of Quotations

1.15 Philip Carrington and E.G. Selwyn: Catechetical Patterns in the New Testament

1.16 Testimonia and Jewish Exegetical Techniques

1.16.1 Testimonia and Midrash

1.16.2 Testimonia and Jewish Homiletical Forms

1.16.3 Testimonia and the Dead Sea Scrolls

1.17 Patristic Studies: Barnabas, Justin, and Testimonia Collections

1.17.1 Pierre Prigent and Barnabas

1.17.2 Jean Daniélou's Testimonia Studies

1.17.3 Oskar Skarsaune: Justin's Use of Testimonia Collections

1.18 Robert Hodgson and the Testimonia Hypothesis

1.19 Testimonia and Recent Discussion on the Nature of Christian-Jewish Relations and Messianic Debates

1.19.1 Jewish-Christian Conflict: Reality or Literary Fiction?

1.19.2 Testimonia and Messianic Debates Revisited

1.19.3 Donald Juel and Messianic Exegesis

1.20 Transmission of Tradition in Early Christianity

1.20.1 Sayings Traditions

1.20.2 Miracle Traditions

1.20.3 Passion Traditions

1.21 Conclusions: Central Issues Raised by the Testimonia Hypothesis

Chapter Two: The Literary Background to Christian Testimonia Collections: Ancient Greco-Roman and Jewish Extract Collections and Their Functions

2.1 Overview of the Chapter

2.2 Functions of Extracts within Classical Rhetorical Categories

2.3 Extract Collections in Ancient Greco-Roman Literature

2.3.1 The Didactic Anthology

2.3.2 Other Didactic Collections

(a) The Epitome

(b) The Philosophical Handbook

(c) The Doxography

(d) Rhetorical Source Books and Handbooks

2.3.3 Greek Sayings Collections (Gnomologia)

(a) Oracle Collections

(b) Admonitions on Proper Conduct: PS.-Isocrates To Demonicus

(c) Multi-author Thematic Collections

2.3.4 Chreiai Collections

2.3.5 The Cento: Composition from Extracts

2.3.6 Private Excerpt Collections (Notebooks)

(a) Greek Examples

(b) Latin Examples

2.4 Function of Extracts within Jewish Literary Categories

2.5 The Compositional Use of Scripture

2.5.1 "Re-written Bible"

2.5.2 Use of Scriptural Allusions, Implicit Quotations, and Models

2.6 Scriptural Excerpt Collections in Second Temple Jewish Literature

2.6.1 Hebrew and Near Eastern Instruction, Proverb, and Sentence Collections

2.6.2 A Didactic Sayings Collection: Ps.-Phocylides

2.6.3 Scriptural Exempla Collections

2.7 Scriptural Excerpt Collections at Qumran

2.7.1 Selection of Passages: 1QIsaiaha Scroll

2.7.2 Liturgical Collections: Phylacteries; 4QDeuteronomyn

2.7.3 A Harmonizing Collection: 4QReworked Pentateucha

2.7.4 Halakhic Collections: 4QOrdinancesa and 11QTemple Scroll

2.7.5 Thematic Collection on the Eschatological Struggle: 4QTestimonia

2.7.6 Thematic Collection on "Consolation": 4QTanhumim

2.7.7 Prophetic Testimonia on the Future Struggle and the Community's Past History

(a) Midrash on Eschatological Scriptures: 4QEschatological Midrash (= 4QFlorilegium and 4QCatenaa)

(b) Thematic Collection on the Eschatological Jubilee Year and Melchizedek: 11QMelchizedek

(c) Proof-texts on the Community's History: Damascus Document 6-7

2.8 Private Collections (Notebooks)

2.9 Christian Use of Non-biblical Excerpt Collections: Poetic Anthologies and Secondary Philosophical Sources

2.10 Conclusions

Chapter Three: Christian Testimonia Collections in the Patristic Era

3.1 Overview of the Chapter

3.2 Early Christian Use of Scriptural Extract Collections: Practical Considerations

3.3 Excursus on the LXX-deviant Criterion

3.4 Early Greek Testimonia Collections (Second Century)

3.4.1 Justin First Apology and Dialogue with Trypho

3.4.2 Epistle of Barnabas: Anti-Jewish School Testimonia

3.4.3 Dialogue of Jason and Papiscus: A Testimonia Source for Justin, Irenaeus, and the Latin Testimonia Tradition?

3.4.4 Melito of Sardis Paschal Homily and Selections: Passion Testimonia and the First Explicit Reference to a Testimonia Collection

3.4.5 Irenaeus Against Heresies

3.4.6 Irenaeus Proof of the Apostolic Preaching

3.4.7 Clement of Alexandria Stromateis, Hypotyposeis, Prophetic Selections

3.4.8 Preaching of Peter

3.4.9 Acts of Peter 24

3.4.10 Dialogue of Timothy and Aquila

3.4 .11 Dialogue of Athanasius and Zacchaeus

3.4.12 Apocryphon of Ezekiel

3.5 The Latin Testimonia Tradition

3.5.1 Early Latin Scriptural Translations

3.5.2 5 Ezra

3.5.3 Ps.-Cyprian Against the Jews

3.5.4 Tertullian Against the Jews, Against Marcion, Against Praxeas

3.5.5 Dream of Nero

3.5.6 Cyprian To Quirinus

3.5.7 Lactantius Divine Institutes 4

3.5.8 Commodian Apologetical Song

3.5.9 Novatian On the Trinity

3.5.10 Testimonia Traditions in Latin Dialogues

3.6 Later Greek Tradition (200-400)

3.6.1 Papyrus Rylands Greek 460

3.6.2 Ps.-Epiphanius Testimonies

3.6.3 Eusebius Prophetic Selections and Proof of the Gospel

3.6.4 Athanasius On the Incarnation

3.6.5 Ps.-Gregory of Nyssa Selected Testimonies from the Old Testament against the Jews

3.7 A "Gnostic" Testimonia Collection: The Exegesis on the Soul

3.8 Syriac Writers: Aphrahat and Bar Salibi

3.9 Case Study: An Anti-Cultic Testimonia Collection

3.9.1 Evidence of a Written TC

3.9.2 Original Form and Life-Setting of the Testimonia Source

3.10 Excursus: Wood/Tree/Cross Collections in Patristic Literature

3.11 Conclusions

Chapter Four: Testimonia in the New Testament: Paul's Writings; Matthew's Formula Citations; Speeches in Acts; and Hebrews 1-2

4.1 Overview of the Chapter

4.2 Paul and Testimonia

4.2.1 Evidence for Paul's Use of Testimonia Collections and Traditions

(a) D.A. Koch and Christopher Stanley: Paul's Personal Anthology

(b) 1 Cor 15:3-4: The Meaning of κατά τάς γραφάς

(c) Traditional Scriptural Formulas in Romans (Rom 1:3-4; 3:24-26; 4:25; 11:25-27; 15:12)

(d) Parenetic Use of Scripture (Rom 12:19; 13:9; 2 Cor 13:1)

(e) Paul's Use of a Jewish Psalms Collection (Rom 3:10-18)

(f) A Temple Testimonia Collection in 2 Cor 6:16-7:1

(g) Paul and Other NT Testimonia

4.2.2 Conclusions

4.3 The Formula Citations in Matthew

4.3.1 Overview of the Formula Citations in Matthew

4.3.2 Evidence for a Testimonia Collection Behind Matthew's Formula Citations

(a) Matt 2:6 (Mic 5:1/2 Sam 5:2)

(b) Matt 2:23 (Unknown Quotation)

(c) Matt 12:18-21 (Isa 42:1-4)

4.3.3 Conclusions

4.4 Testimonia in the Speeches in Acts

4.4.1 Traugott Holtz: Luke's Limited Knowledge of the LXX and Use of Testimonia

4.4.2 Evidence for Luke's Use of Testimonia Collections in the Speeches of Acts

(a) Acts 3:22-25: A Testimonia Collection on the Day of Atonement

(b) Acts 13:16b-41: A Review of Scriptural History

4.4.3 Common Early Christian Testimonia in Acts

4.4.4 Rhetorical Functions of Luke's Testimonia

4.4.5 Conclusions

4.5 Christ's Superiority to the Angels: A Testimonia Collection in Heb 1:5-2:8

4.5.1 Overview of the Catena in Heb 1:5-2:8

4.5.2 Evidence for Hebrews's Use of a Previous Testimonia Collection: Parallel with 1 Clem 36:2-6

4.5.3 Original Form and Function of the Testimonia Collection in Heb 1:5-2:8

4.5.4 Conclusions

Chapter Five: Five Testimonia Traditions in the New Testament

5.1 Overview of the Chapter

5.2 New Testament Use of Jewish Messianic Testimonia

5.2.1 Second Temple Interpretations of Gen 49:10; Num 24:17; and Isa 11:1, 10

5.2.2 New Testament Interpretation of Gen 49:10-11; Num 24:17; and Isa 11:1, 10

5.2.3 Patristic Interpretation of Gen 49:10-11; Num 24:17; and Isa 11:1, 10

5.2.4 Conclusions on the Messianic Testimonia

5.3 Psalm 110: 1 as an Early Christian Testimonium

5.3.1 Overview of Early Christian Use of Ps 110:1

5.3.2 Second Temple Jewish Use of Ps 110:1

5.3.3 Christian Interpretation of Ps 110:1 with Ps 8:6

(a) Paul's Use of Ps 110:1; 1 Cor 15:25-27 and Rom 8:34

(b) Polycarp Phil. 2.1b

(c) 1 Pet 3:22

(d) Heb 1:13-2:8

(e) Eph 1:20-23

(f) Mark 12:36 (par. Matt 22:44)

5.3.4 Christian Interpretation of Ps 110:1 with Dan 7:13

5.3.5 Psalm 110: 1 and the High Priest Typology

5.3.6 Psalm 110: 1 and "Two Powers" Testimonia

5.3.7 Psalm 110: 1 and the Two Advents Pattern

5.3.8 Psalm 110: 1 and the Substructure of New Testament Theology

5.3.9 Conclusions on Ps 110: 1 as a Testimonium

5.4 Isaiah 6:9-10 and the Hardening Tradition

5.4.1 Isaiah 6:9-10 in the MT, Qumran, and Greek Translations

5.4.2 Hardening Traditions in the Hebrew Scriptures

5.4.3 The Hardening Tradition in Paul

5.4.4 The Hardening Tradition and the Gospel of John

5.4.5 Carol Stockhausen: The "Exegetical Substructure" to Paul and John

5.4.6 Later Pauline Traditions

5.4.7 The Hardening Tradition in Mark

5.4.8 Patristic Use of the Hardening Tradition

5.4.9 Conclusions on the Hardening Tradition: Form and Function

5.5 Zechariah 12:10 and The Two Advents Testimonia

5.5.1 MT Zechariah 12:10 and the Versions

5.5.2 A Christian Adaptation of Zech 12:10 in Matt 24:30; Rev 1:7; and John 19:37

5.5.3 Zechariah 12:10 in Didache and Justin

5.5.4 Barnabas 7: Two Advents and Two Goats on the Day of Atonement

5.5.5 The Two Goats/Two Advents Tradition in Justin and Tertullian

5.5.6 Conclusions on Zech 12:10 and the Two Advents Tradition: Form and Function

5.5.7 Excursus on Crossan's Interpretation of Barnabas 7

5.6 Stone Testimonia in the New Testament

5.6.1 Second Temple Jewish Background to the Stone Testimonia

5.6.2 New Testament Uses of Stone Testimonia

(a) Jesus as the Rejected (but Ultimately Vindicated) Cornerstone

(b) The Stumbling Stone Set in Zion (Rom 9:33; 1 Pet 2:6-8)

(c) Stone Testimonia, the Community, and the Temple

(d) Jesus, the Temple, and Stone Testimonia

(e) Peter and the Stone Testimonia (Matt 16:18)

5.6.3 The Patristic Stone Testimonia

5.6.4 Conclusions on the Stone Testimonia: Form and Function

Conclusions

Bibliography

Indices