Chapter
The Cultural and Economic Achievements of the Polish State’s Architects
The Age of Maturity: The Polish Kingdom
The Struggle for International Status Abroad and the Establishment of Royal Authority Domestically
The Breakup into Feudal Units and the Consolidation into a Single State in the Twelfth Century
A Hundred Years of Economic Growth and Social Change
The Shifts in Agricultural Settlement Patterns during the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
The Growing External Threat
The Relation between the Tatar Invasion and the German Settlement [13]
The Significance of the Peasants’ Participation in Combat
The Shift of Polish Culture from the Roman| to the Gothic Way
Culture, Society, Regime, and Economy [9]
The Polish Crown at the Height of Power during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
The Centrality of the State Apparatus
The Political Strain during the Regimes of Vładysław I the Short and Casimir III the Great and the Union of Poland and Lithuania
The Jagiello Royal House and the Kingdom’s Status Concerning the Poles [9]
The Shift from Provincial Conventions to a ‘National’ Parliament
Western Silesia, Lubusz, and Silesia in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
The Economic Life during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
The Culture in Poland during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Part II: A Community of Nobility
The Polish Golden Age Era (1492-1586)
A General Characterization of the Period
Between the Habsburg Dynasty and Moscow
The Social and Political Basis of ‘Democracy of the Nobility’
The Movement for a Respect for and an Implementation of the Rules
The Foreign Policy of Sigismund Augustus
The First Transition Period and the King’s Election
King Stephen Batory: Policies and Warfare
The Polish Culture, the Written Language, Myths and Identity, and the Matter of Nationality
Renaissance Life and Culture in Poland
The Polish Community at a Turning Point (1586-1648)
The Struggle for Positions of Power and the Dissolution of the Polish Political Entity
A Political Crisis in the Kingdom
The Efforts to Block Russia
The Status of the Cities and Their Dwellers
An Overall Picture of Trade, Population and Production, during the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries [9]
The Counter-Reformation Doctrine
The Election and Rule of Vladyslaw IV
The Polish Communities during the Crisis Years (1648-1696)
The Major Characteristics of the Period
The War against the Cossacks
The 1655 Swedish Invasion
The Oliwa Peace Treaty and the Eastern Question
The Orthodox Rift in Eastern Poland and Lithuania [9]
The Efforts at Reform and the Lubomirski Uprising
The League against Turkey
An Economic and Political Crisis
The Jews in Poland in the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries
The Crisis of Sovereignty (1697-1763)
A Broad Look at the Eighteenth Century
The Personal Union of Saxony and Poland’s Kingdoms
The Northern War and the Struggle for Succession
A Struggle for the Polish Crown
The Demilitarization and Neutrality of Poland
Western Pomerania and Silesia under Prussian Rule
Catholicism Meaning Polish and Vice-Versa
Provisional Reforms under the Russian Auspices (1763-1788)
The Russo-Prussian Alliance
The Plans for the Succession of the Polish Crown among the Noble Polish Families
The First Years of King Stanislaw Augustus’s Rule
The Radom Confederation and the Sejm during 1767-1768
The Bar Confederation (1768-1772)
The Constitutional Changes during (1773-1775)
The Permanent Ruling Council
Society and Culture in Poland during the Age of Enlightenment
The Contrasting Fashions and Ideas
The Intellectual High Tide
The Struggle for Independence and Reform of a Kingdom United (1788-1794)
The Constitution of 3 May 1791
The Russian Intervention and the Second Partition (1792-1793)
The Emigration from Poland and the Domestic Situation
The Annihilation of the Polish State
The Relation between the Polish Struggles and the Pan-European Society’s Raw Nerves [13]
Part III: Poland under Foreign Rule (1795-1918) [8]
The Napoleonic Period (1795-1815)
The Peasants’ Emancipation and the National Uprising
Poland Following the Third Partition
The Population’s Approach to Politics and the Movement in Support of Polish Independence
The Poles during Their State’s Abolition, According to Davies [21]
The Polish Nationality [22]
The Trends of Reconciliation [21]
The Polish Awakening with Napoleon’s Encouragement
The Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw
The Social and Economic Change in the Duchy of Warsaw
The Fall of the Duchy of Warsaw
The Polish Kingdom and the November Uprising (1815-1831)
The Agrarian Reform in the Prussian-Held Part of Poland
The Establishment of the Polish Congress Kingdom
The Beginning of Modern Industry in the Polish Kingdom
The Regime’s Opposition and the Conspiracy against It
The Neo-Classic and Romantic Trend
The 1830 Uprising and Its Causes
The Political Struggle against the Uprising Trend
The Revolutionary Left and the Feudal Duties of the Peasants
The International State of Affairs and the Collapse of the Uprising
On the Eve of the Agrarian Revolution (1832-1849)
Economic Development in the Three Partition Areas
The National Issue in Pomerania and Silesia
The Poles in the European Revolutionary Movements
A Cultural Age with a Romantic Trend in Poland
An Age of Uprising (1850-1864)
An Atmosphere of Revolution in Russia and Poland
The Patriotic Demonstrations
The Armed Struggle of 1863
The Peasants’ Revival and the End of the Nationalistic Insurrections
Positivism and a Triple Loyalty: An Initiation of the Proletariat Movement (1864-1885)
The Russification Policy in the Former Congress Kingdom
The Polish Provinces of Russia: The Cultural System and the National Resurrection of Silesia
The Industrial Development in the Former Congress Kingdom
The Romantic Movement in the Diaspora; Organized Labor and Realism in Poland [13]
The Polish Proletariat Movement Starts Coming into Being
The Polish Proletariat Class
Three Provinces and One Nationality
The Formation of the Mass Political Parties; Nationality and Socialism (1885-1904)
The Poles’ Distancing Themselves from the Prussians: The Prussian Colonization Mission
The Galician Peasants’ Movement
In the Defense of Polish Nationality in the Russian Areas
‘Young Poland’ and the Arts
The Age of Revolution and the Approaching of a European War (1904-1914)
The 1905 Revolution in the Russian Empire and in Poland
The National Democrats’ Renewed Policy Orientation
The Decree of Land Expropriation in Prussian Poland and the Polish National League
The Political Changes in Galicia
The Dispute over Orientation on the Eve of World War I
World War I and the Reconstruction of the Polish State (1914-1918)
Pilsudski and the Legions
The Occupation of the Former Congress Kingdom’s Land by the German and the Austrian Forces
The Declaration of 5 November 1916
The Fall of the Czar’s Regime in 1917
The October Revolution and the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty
The German Defeat: A Statement by the Powers in 1918 Regarding the Polish Question
The Liberation of the Territory Occupied by Austria
Part IV: Poland (1918-1939)
Defining the Borders and Drafting a Constitution (1918-1921)
The First Moments of Independence
The Sejm as a Legislative Body
The War with Soviet Russia
The Demarcation of the Western Borders
The March 1921 Constitution
The Parliamentary Government (1922-1926)
Vładysław Grabski and the Currency Stabilization
The Question of the Ukrainians and the Belarusians
Pilsudski and the Minorities and the Matter of Nationality [21]
The Polish Foreign Policy and Locarno
Education, Science, and Culture
Prosperity and Crisis: The Struggle for the Legalization of the Pilsudski Dictatorship
The Overthrow in the Month of May
The Social Aspects of the Pilsudski Dictatorship
The Missing and Neutered National Fervor among the Poles [27]
The Center’s Left Faction and Pilsudski’s Crooked Tactical Manoeuvrings
The Great Depression of 1929-1931
Toward a Complete Dictatorship (1931-1939)
Pilsudski’s Death: The Dispute in the Ranks of the Ruling Party
The Growth of the Opposition
Facing the German Aggression during 1938-1939
Part V: From World War II until the Disintegration of the Soviet Bloc [21]
The German Occupation of Poland
The Fate of the Jews [20]
The Polish Resistance to the Occupation
The First Years Following the Liberation from the German Occupation
The Essence of Polish Nationality after 1945 and the Attitude of the Poles toward the European Identity
The Poles Standing up to the Soviets
Poland as a Peoples’ Republic
The Developments in Poland during 1946-1980
Poland Departing the Soviet Bloc’s Framework [20]
Part VI: The Third Republic and the European Union
The Poles’ Considerations Concerning Its Entry into the EU
The Trends and an Outlook into the Future at the End of the Second Millennium
The Polish and Catholic Culture: Are These a Nationality’s Foundations?
The Three Types of Nationality in the Context of Polish Nationality
Nationality and God’s Worship: A Mutual Relationship of Assistance and the Contrast between Them
The Polish National Cohesion
The Poles’ Approach toward Europe, NATO, and the EU
The Different Angles Reflecting the Polish Nationality’s Foundations
The Poles: Myths and Reality
( Post-Nationality in the European Unions East and North )
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