Preface

Contents

Table for physical constants

Periodic table

1 Energy

1.1 What is energy?

1.2 Fermions and bosons

1.3 Important physical constants in the universe

1.4 Four fundamental forces of nature

1.5 The mass of light

1.6 The materialization of light and antimatter

1.7 Bose-Einstein condensation and freezing light

1.8 Quantum brain theory and light

1.9 The materialization of vacuum

1.10 The energy constitution of the entire universe

1.11 Cosmological constant

1.12 Bibliography

2 Solar energy

2.1 Energy problems and entropy on Earth

2.2 The energy circulation of photons and electrons

2.3 Homeostasis of life and civilization

2.4 Global warming

2.5 Solar light and Earth

2.6 Renewable energy

2.7 Solar energy plan

2.8 Bibliography

3 Basics of solar cells

3.1 Properties of semiconductors

3.2 pn junction

3.3 Photovoltaic effect

3.4 Energy loss and the requirements for high efficiency

3.5 Characterization of solar cells

3.6 Internal and external quantum efficiency

3.7 Series and shunt resistances

3.8 Bibliography

4 Inorganic solar cells

4.1 Comparison of solar cells

4.2 Amorphous Si

4.3 HIT

4.4 CdTe

4.5 CIGS

4.6 Spherical Si

4.7 ZnO/Cu2O

4.8 Bibliography

5 Organic-type solar cells

5.1 Donor-acceptor type organic solar cells

5.2 Exciton

5.3 Bulk heterojunction

5.4 P3HT:PCBM

5.5 Phthalocyanine dimer

5.6 ZnTPP:C60

5.7 Diamond:C60

5.8 Ge nanoparticles

5.9 Dye-sensitized solar cells

5.10 Polysilane system

5.11 PCBM:P3HT with SiPc or SiNc

5.12 Bibliography

6 Perovskite-type solar cells

6.1 Perovskite structures and synthesis

6.2 Crystal structures of CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I)

6.3 X-ray diffraction of CH3NH3PbI3

6.4 Electron diffraction of CH3NH3PbI3

6.5 Other perovskite structures for solar cells

6.6 Basic device structures

6.7 Enlargement of cell

6.8 Electron transport layers

6.9 Halogen doping to CH3NH3PbI3

6.10 Metal doping to CH3NH3PbI3

6.11 Bibliography

7 Future solar cells

7.1 Next generation solar cells

7.2 Multi-junction

7.3 Quantum size effect

7.4 Quantum dots

7.5 Intermediate band type

7.6 Multi-exciton

7.7 Hot carrier type

7.8 Space solar power system

7.9 Bibliography

8 Nuclear fusion materials

8.1 Nuclear fusion in the sun

8.2 DT and DD fusion

8.3 Fusion conditions

8.4 ITER

8.5 Muon catalyzed fusion

8.6 Pyroelectric fusion

8.7 Condensation fusion in solids

8.8 Fusion reactormaterials

8.9 Bibliography

9 Other energy materials

9.1 Hydrogen storagematerials

9.2 BN nanomaterials

9.3 Calculations of hydrogen storage

9.4 Thermoelectric power generation

9.5 Icosahedral boron

9.6 Titanium dioxide

9.7 Zeolite

9.8 Lithium-ion batteries

9.9 Si clathrate

9.10 Ice and hydrate

9.11 Fuel cells

9.12 SiC FET

9.13 Two Concluding Asides

9.13.1 The energy of a vacuum

9.13.2 The energy of the mind

9.14 Bibliography

Index