Chapter
1.2.2 Networking in Space and Extreme Environments
1.2.3 Node Synchronization in SEEs
1.2.4 Spectrum Sharing in SEEs
1.2.5 Energy Aspects in SEE
1.3.1 Abstract of Chapter 2
1.3.2 Abstract of Chapter 3
1.3.3 Abstract of Chapter 4
1.3.4 Abstract of Chapter 5
1.3.5 Abstract of Chapter 6
1.3.6 Abstract of Chapter 7
1.3.7 Abstract of Chapter 8
1.3.8 Abstract of Chapter 9
1.3.9 Abstract of Chapter 10
1.3.10 Abstract of Chapter 11
1.3.11 Abstract of Chapter 12
1.3.12 Abstract of Chapter 13
1.3.13 Abstract of Chapter 14
1.3.14 Abstract of Chapter 15
1.3.15 Abstract of Chapter 16
1.3.16 Abstract of Chapter 17
1.3.17 Abstract of Chapter 18
1.3.18 Abstract of Chapter 19
1.3.19 Abstract of Chapter 20
1.3.20 Abstract of Chapter 21
Chapter 2 Feedback Control Challenges with Wireless Networks in Extreme Environments
2.2 Controllers in Extreme Environments
2.2.1 Case Study: Wireless Sensor Networks in Extreme Environments
2.3 System Dynamics and Control Design Fundamentals
2.3.2 Classical Control System Design
2.4 Feedback Control Challenges when using Wireless Networks
2.4.1 Approximated Model of Delay
2.4.2 Effect of Delay on the Stability of a First-order System
2.4.2.1 Multi-sensor Systems
2.5 Effect of Delay on the Transient Response of a Second-order System
Chapter 3 Optimizing Lifetime and Power Consumption for Sensing Applications in Extreme Environments
3.1.1 Mathematical Notation
3.2 Overview and Technical System Description
3.3 Power and Lifetime Optimization
3.3.1 The Optimization Problem
3.3.2 Theoretical and Practical Solutions
3.3.3 More Practical Solutions
3.4 Visualization and Numerical Results
3.4.1 Comparison of (3.14) with (3.13)
3.4.2 Comparison of (3.16) with (3.13) and (3.14)
3.5 Application of Power Control in Extreme Environments
Chapter 4 On Improving Connectivity-based Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks
4.2 Connectivity-based Localization in One-hop Networks
4.2.1 The Centroid Algorithm
4.2.2 Improved Centroid Algorithms
4.3 Connectivity-based Localization in Multi-hop Networks
4.3.1 The DV-hop Algorithm
4.3.2 Mathematics of Hop-count-based Localization
4.4 On Improving Connectivity-based Localization
4.4.1 Improvements by Adjusting Correction Factor
4.4.2 Improvements by Exploiting Neighborhood Information
Chapter 5 Rare-events Sensing and Event-powered Wireless Sensor Networks
5.1 Coverage Preservation
5.1.3 Performance Evaluation
5.2 Event-powered Wireless Sensor
5.2.1 Earthquakes and Structures
5.2.2 Vibration Energy Harvesting
5.2.3 Piezoelectric Harvesting for Structural Monitoring during Earthquakes
5.2.4 Wireless Sensor Node Design
5.2.4.1 Microcontroller Board
5.2.4.2 Power Management Board
5.2.5 System Test and Evaluation
5.2.6 Earthquake Simulator Test
5.2.7 Implications for Networking Protocol Design
5.3 Cluster-Centric WSNs for Rare-event Monitoring
5.3.2 Performance Evaluation
5.3.2.1 Time to Completion in a Cluster
5.3.2.2 Average and Total Time to Transmit
5.3.2.3 Energy Consumption
Part II Space WSS Solutions and Applications
Chapter 6 Battery-less Sensors for Space
6.2 Wired or Wireless Sensing: Cost-Benefit Analysis
6.2.1 Wired Sensing Systems
6.2.2 Wireless Sensing Systems
6.2.3 Reliability Analysis
6.3 Active and Passive Wireless Sensors
6.4 Design Considerations for Battery-less Sensors
6.4.3 Interference Management
Chapter 7 Contact Plan Design for Predictable Disruption-tolerant Space Sensor Networks
7.1.1 On the End-to-End Connectivity Paradigm
7.1.2 Disruption-tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks Overview
7.2 Contact Plan Design Methodology
7.2.1 Delay-tolerant Wireless Sensor Network Model
7.2.2 Contact Plan Design Constraints
7.2.2.1 Time-zone Constraints
7.2.2.2 Concurrent-resources Constraints
7.2.3 MILP Formulation of the Contact Plan Design Problem
7.3 Contact Plan Design Analysis
7.3.1 Case Study Overview
7.4 Contact Plan Design Discussion
7.4.1 TACP Safeguard Margins and Topology Granularity
7.4.2 Contact Plan Computation and Distribution
7.4.3 Contact Plan Implementation
Chapter 8 Infrared Wireless Sensor Network Development for the Ariane Launcher
8.1.2 VEB Overview and Internal Surface Material
8.2 Development Processes and Measurements of Infrared Transceiver ASIC
8.2.1 Influence of Upper-stage Materials on Infrared Communication
8.2.2 Low-power Infrared Transceiver ASIC development
8.2.3 Time-synchronization and Time-stamping Methods
8.2.4 Commercial Smart Sensors for Ariane 5 Telemetry Subsystems
Chapter 9 Multichannel Wireless Sensor Networks for Structural Health Monitoring
9.1.1 Expected Benefits of WSNs in Aircraft
9.1.2 WSN Requirements for Aircraft
9.1.4 Chapter Organization
9.2 General Multichannel Challenges
9.2.1 Signal Propagation in an Aircraft Cabin or inside a Launcher
9.2.2 Mesh Multichannel Wireless Networks
9.2.4 Node Synchronization
9.2.5 Selection of Channels
9.2.7 Network Connectivity
9.2.8 Neighborhood Discovery
9.2.9 Medium Access Control
9.2.9.1 Contention-based Protocols
9.2.9.2 Contention-free Protocols
9.2.10 Dynamic Multihop Routing
9.2.11.1 Reasons for Energy Waste
9.2.11.2 Classification of Energy-efficient Techniques
9.2.12 Robustness and Adaptivity of WSNs
9.3 Multichannel Challenges for Data Gathering Support
9.3.1 High Concentration of Traffic around the Sink
9.3.2 Time-slot and Channel Assignment
9.3.4 Multi-interface Sink
9.3.5 Optimal Number of Slots in a Collision-free Schedule
9.3.6 MAC dedicated to Data Gathering
9.3.7 Multichannel Routing for Convergecast
9.3.8 Centralised versus Distributed Collision-free Scheduling Algorithms
9.4 Sahara: Example of Solution
9.4.1 Description of the Solution Proposed
9.4.1.1 A Solution based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
9.4.1.2 Network Deployment
9.4.1.4 Multi-interface Sink
9.4.1.5 Neighborhood Discovery
9.4.1.6 Collision-free Schedule
9.4.2 Illustrative Example
9.4.3 Performance Evaluation of the Solution
9.4.3.1 Impact of Multiple Channels and Multiple Radio Interfaces on the Aggregated Throughput
9.4.3.2 Homogeneous Traffic and Sink with a Single Radio Interface
9.4.3.3 Impact of the Number of Radio Interfaces of the Sink
9.4.3.4 Impact of Additional Links
9.4.3.5 Heterogeneous Traffic
9.4.4 Robustness and Adaptivity of the Solution Proposed
Chapter 10 Wireless Piezoelectric Sensor Systems for Defect Detection and Localization
10.2 Lamb Wave-based Defect Detection
10.2.1 Active Piezoelectric Sensing Technology
10.2.2 Lamb Wave-based Defect Detection
10.3 Wireless PZT Sensor Networks
10.4 Wireless PZT Sensor Node
10.5 Distributed Data Processing
10.5.1 Operation Overview
10.5.2 Synchronized High Sampling-rate Sensing and Data Processing
Chapter 11 Navigation and Remote Sensing using Near-space Satellite Platforms
11.1 Background and Motivation
11.1.1 What is Near-space?
11.1.2 Advantages of Near-space for Sensor Platforms
11.1.2.1 Inherent Survivability
11.1.2.2 Persistent Monitoring or Fast Revisiting Frequency
11.1.2.3 High Sensitivity and Large Footprint
11.1.3 Motivations for Near-space Satellite Platforms
11.2 Near-space Platforms in Wireless Sensor Systems
11.2.1 Near-space Platforms
11.2.2 Why Near-space Platforms should be used in Wireless Sensor Systems
11.3 Overview of NSPs in Wireless Sensor Systems
11.3.1 NSP Enabling Sensor Communications
11.3.2 Using NSPs for Radar and Navigating Sensors
11.3.3 Integrated Communication and Navigation Sensors
11.4 Integrated Wireless Sensor Systems
11.5 Arrangement of Near-space Platforms
11.6 Limitations and Vulnerabilities
11.6.1 Launch Constraints
11.6.2 Survivability Constraints
11.6.4 System Implementation Issues
Part III Underwater and Submerged WSS Solutions
Chapter 12 Underwater Acoustic Sensing: An Introduction
12.2 Underwater Wireless Smart Sensing
12.2.1 Non-Acoustic Sensors
12.2.1.3 Magnetic Induction Systems
12.2.3 Received Signal Model
12.5 Typical Underwater Sensing Applications
12.5.1 Monitoring Vehicles Approach
12.5.2 Developing Platforms Approach
Chapter 13 Underwater Anchor Localization Using Surface-reflected Beams
13.2 UREAL Angle of Arrival Measurements
13.3 Closed-form Least Squares Position Estimation
13.3.1 Line-of-sight Localization
13.3.2 Non-line-of-sight Localization
13.4 Prototype Evaluation
Chapter 14 Coordinates Determination of Submerged Sensors with a Single Beacon Using the Cayley-Menger Determinant
14.2 Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
14.3 Dynamicity of Underwater Environment
14.3.1 Reference Deployment in the Deep Sea
14.3.3 Inter-node Time Synchronization
14.3.4 Signal Reflection due to Obstacles and Surfaces
14.4 Proposed Configuration
14.4.2 Environmental Constrains
14.5 Distance Determination
14.5.1 Distance-measurement Technique
14.5.2 Average Underwater Acoustic Speed
14.6 Coordinate Determination
14.6.1 Proposed Technique
14.6.2 Coordinates of the Sensors
14.6.3 Coordinates of the Sensors with Respect to the Beacon
14.7.1 Coordinates with Euclidean Distances
14.7.2 Coordinates with Gaussian Noise
Chapter 15 Underwater and Submerged Wireless Sensor Systems: Security Issues and Solutions
15.2 Underwater Wireless Sensor Systems
15.3 Security Requirements, Issues and Solutions
15.3.1 Security Requirements
15.3.2 Security Issues and Solutions
15.3.2.2 Denial of Service Attacks
15.4 Future Challenges and Research Directions
15.4.1 Secure Localization
15.4.2 Secure Cross-layer Design
15.4.3 Secure Time Synchronization
Part IV Underground and Confined Environments WSS Solutions
Chapter 16 Achievable Throughput of Magnetic Induction Based Sensor Networks for Underground Communications
16.2 Throughput Maximization for MI-WUSNs
16.2.1 Signal Transmission in MI-WUSNs
16.2.1.1 Direct MI Transmission Based WUSNs
16.2.1.2 MI Waveguide Based WUSNs
16.2.2 Practical Aspects of System Design
16.2.3 Network Specification
16.2.4 Throughput Maximization
16.2.5 Throughput of Direct MI Transmission Based WUSNs
16.2.6 Throughput of MI Waveguide Based WUSNs
16.3.1 Direct MI Transmission Based WUSNs
16.3.2 MI Waveguide Based WUSNs
Chapter 17 Agricultural Applications of Underground Wireless Sensor Systems: A Technical Review
17.2 WSN Technology in Agriculture
17.2.1 Sensor Node Architecture
17.2.2 Wireless Communication Technologies and Standards
17.2.3 Available Sensor Node for Agricultural Activities
17.3 WSNs for Agriculture
17.3.1 Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks
17.3.2 Wireless Underground Sensor Networks
17.3.3 Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks
17.4 Design Challenges of WSNs in Agriculture
17.4.1 Energy Consumption
17.4.5 Network Architecture
17.4.6 Coverage and Connectivity
17.4.7 Wireless Underground Communication
17.5 WSN-based Applications in Agriculture
17.5.1 Environmental Monitoring
17.5.2 Resource Management
Part V Industrial and Other WSS Solutions
Chapter 18 Structural Health Monitoring with WSNs
18.2 SHM Sensing Techniques
18.2.1 Compressed Smart Sensing for WSNs
18.2.1.1 Compressed Sensing
18.2.2 Energy Consumption
18.2.2.1 Energy Conservation
18.2.2.2 Power Harvesting
18.3 WSN-enabled SHM Applications
18.3.1 IoT-SHM Integration
18.3.2 IoT-SHM Applications
18.3.2.1 Traditional Sensor-based Applications
18.3.2.2 Optical-fibre Integrated Applications
18.3.3 RFID Technology for SHM
18.4 Network Topology and Overlays
18.4.1 Networking Topology
18.4.2 Network Overlay as a Service
18.4.2.1 Cases Supporting the Need for NSG3-style Overlays
18.4.2.2 Cases Supporting Integration of Overlay with IP Technologies
18.4.2.3 Cases of Supporting the Applications
Chapter 19 Error Manifestations in Industrial WSN Communications and Guidelines for Countermeasures
19.2 Compromising Factors in IWSN Communication
19.2.2 Electromagnetic Interference
19.2.3 Manifestations of Signal Distortion
19.3 The Statistics of Link-quality Metrics for Poor Links
19.3.1 The Received Signal Strength Indicator
19.3.2 The Link Quality Indicator
19.3.3 The Ambiguity of RSSI and LQI Readings
19.4 The Statistical Properties of Bit- and Symbol-Errors
19.5 Guidelines for Countermeasures
19.5.1 Forward Error Correction and Interleaving
19.5.2 DSSS Chip-level Manipulations
19.5.3 Exploiting Determinism in Industrial Wireless
19.5.4 Channel Diagnostics and Radio Resource Management
Chapter 20 A Medium-access Approach to Wireless Technologies for Reliable Communication in Aircraft
20.2 Reliability Assessment Framework
20.2.1 Transmission Layer
20.2.2 Medium Access Layer
20.3 Metrics and Parameters
20.3.1.1 Cycle Length and Packet Size
20.3.2 Performance Metrics
20.3.2.1 Power Consumption
20.3.2.2 Initialization Time
20.4 Candidate Wireless Technologies
Chapter 21 Applications of Wireless Sensor Systems for Monitoring of Offshore Windfarms
21.3.1 Routing Protocol- NETCRP
21.3.2 Optimal Number of Cluster-heads
21.3.3 Adaptive Threshold
21.3.4 Fault Detection Scheme
21.4 Simulation and Discussion
21.4.1 Flexible Threshold Method
21.4.2 Fault-detection Scheme
Wireless Sensor Systems for Extreme Environments
：Space, Underwater, Underground and Industrial
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