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Transport Properties of Polymeric Membranes

Transport Properties of Polymeric Membranes

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Contents

List of Contributors

1 - Liquid TransportThrough Polymers

1 - Liquid Transport Characteristics in Polymeric Systems: An Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

2.1 COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITY

2.2 FREE VOLUME OF THE POLYMER

2.3 SEGMENTAL MOBILITY OF THE POLYMER

2.4 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

2.5 DISTRIBUTION OF CROSS-LINKS

2.6 NATURE OF PENETRANTS

2.7 TEMPERATURE

3. LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH VARIOUS POLYMERS

3.1 LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH POLYMER COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES

4. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

2 - Modern Trends and Applications of Solvent/Gas Transport Through Various Polymers and Their Nanocomposites

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FOOD PACKAGING

2.1 OXYGEN TRANSMISSION RATE

2.2 WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION RATE

2.3 CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSMISSION RATE

3. GAS SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY

3.1 SEPARATION OF O2 AND N2

3.2 SEPARATION OF H2

3.3 REMOVAL OF ACID GAS FROM NATURAL GAS

3.4 OLEFIN/PARAFFIN SEPARATION

3.5 CO2 SEQUESTRATION

4. SEED STORAGE

5. BARRIER TUBE FOR INK

6. UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEMS

7. TIRE INNER LINING

8. PACKAGING OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND MEDICAL DEVICES

9. FUTURE APPLICATIONS

9.1 MEMBRANES FOR PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS DEVICES

9.2 EXTERNAL PACKAGING FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

REFERENCES

3 - Fabrication Methods: Polymer Membranes for Liquid Transport

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FABRICATION OF POLYMER MEMBRANES

3. STUDIES IN POLYMER MEMBRANE

4. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

4 - Fundamentals and Measurement Techniques for Solvent Transport in Polymers

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SOLUTION-DIFFUSION MODEL

3. TOTAL MASS UPTAKE—SORPTION, DESORPTION

3.1 GRAVIMETRIC SORPTION MEASUREMENT

3.2 GRAVIMETRIC DESORPTION MEASUREMENT

4. PREFERENTIAL SORPTION AND COMPOSITE ISOTHERM

5. COMPOSITION OF THE SORBED LIQUID AND COMPOSITION OF THE SWOLLEN POLYMER

5.1 COMPOSITION OF THE SORBED LIQUID, INDIVIDUAL SORPTIONS

5.2 COMPOSITION OF THE SWOLLEN POLYMER

6. DIMENSIONAL CHANGES OF MEMBRANE CAUSED BY SWELLING

7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

5 - Liquid Transport Through Elastomers

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FUNDAMENTALS OF LIQUID TRANSPORT

3. FACTORS AFFECTING LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH ELASTOMERS

3.1 NATURE OF ELASTOMERS

3.2 NATURE OF CROSS-LINKS

3.3 NATURE OF PENETRANT

3.4 NATURE OF FILLERS

3.5 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

4. TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMERS

4.1 TRANSPORT THROUGH NATURAL RUBBER

4.1.1 Transport of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Through Natural Rubber

4.1.2 Transport of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Through Natural Rubber

4.2 TRANSPORT THROUGH SYNTHETIC ELASTOMERS

4.2.1 Organic Solvent Transport Through Styrene–Butadiene Rubber, Nitrile Rubber, and Polybutadiene Elastomers

4.2.2 Solvent Transport Through Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) Elastomers

4.2.2.1 Molecular Mass Between Cross-Links (Mc) and Model Predictions

4.2.3 Transport Through Fluoroelastomers

4.2.4 Transport Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber

4.3 SWELLING OF ELASTOMERS IN OIL AND WATER

5. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

6 - Liquid Transport Through Thermoplastics

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DIFFUSION OF MOISTURE/WATER THROUGH THERMOPLASTICS

3. DIFFUSION OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS THROUGH THERMOPLASTICS

4. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

7 - Liquid Transport Through Thermosets

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH THERMOSETS

3. FUNDAMENTALS OF LIQUID TRANSPORT STUDIES

3.1 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT, SORPTION COEFFICIENT, AND PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT

3.2 MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT

4. WATER DIFFUSION IN EPOXY RESINS

5. WATER TRANSPORT THROUGH POLYURETHANES AND POLYESTER RESINS

6. TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS THROUGH POLYURETHANES AND POLYAMIDE-BASED THERMOSETS

7. TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS THROUGH POLYESTERS

8. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

8 - Transport Properties Through Polymer Membranes

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

2.1 SWELLING OF POLYMER MEMBRANES

2.2 SORPTION OF BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES

2.2.1 Individual Isotherms

2.2.2 Separation Factor

2.2.3 Percentage Relative Specific Volume Increment

3. INTERESTING TRANSPORT STUDIES

3.1 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF GASES AND VAPORS THROUGH POLYMER MEMBRANES

4. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

9 - Liquid Transport Through IPNs

1. INTRODUCTION

2. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF IPNS

3. THEORY OF TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR

4. GENERAL PROCEDURE OF DIFFUSION STUDIES

5. FACTORS OF DIFFUSION IN IPN

6. PHASE MORPHOLOGY OF THE IPN SYSTEM

7. CROSS-LINK DENSITY AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT

8. SORPTION BEHAVIOR

9. SORPTION, DESORPTION, RESORPTION, AND REDESORPTION

9.1 CYCLES IN TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR OF IPN

10. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR OF IPN

11. TRANSPORT PARAMETERS OF IPN

12. KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF DIFFUSION IN IPN

13. ROLE OF SOLUBILITY PARAMETER IN IPN DIFFUSION

14. TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR IN IPN HYDROGEL

15. APPLICATIONS OF TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR IN IPN

16. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

10 - Liquid Transport Through Polymer Composites

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DIFFUSION IN ELASTOMERS/COMPOSITES

2.1 NATURAL RUBBER/CARBON BLACK COMPOSITES

2.2 ELASTOMER/FIBERS/PARTICULATE-FILLED COMPOSITES

3. DIFFUSION IN THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES

3.1 DIFFUSION IN FIBER-FILLED THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES

3.2 DIFFUSION IN CARBON BLACK–FILLED THERMOPLASTIC

4. DIFFUSION IN THERMOSET COMPOSITES

5. DIFFUSION IN BLEND COMPOSITES

6. DIFFUSION OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS IN BLENDS

7. INFLUENCE OF FILLER MORPHOLOGY IN LIQUID DIFFUSION

8. APPLICATIONS

9. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

11 - Liquid Transport Through Polymer Nanocomposites

1. POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

2. IMPORTANCE OF LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

3. LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES

3.1 EFFECT OF FILLER LOADING

3.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FILLERS

3.3 EFFECT OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS

3.4 EFFECT OF FUNCTIONALIZATION OF FILLER

3.5 HYBRID FILLER EFFECT

3.6 EFFECT OF SOLVENT

3.7 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

3.8 EFFECT OF FREE VOLUME

3.9 EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGY

3.10 NETWORK STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

3.11 THEORETICAL MODELING

4. LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH THERMOPLASTIC NANOCOMPOSITES

5. LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH THERMOSET NANOCOMPOSITES

6. LIQUID TRANSPORT THROUGH BLEND NANOCOMPOSITES

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

12 - Liquid–Liquid Separation Through Polymeric Membranes

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FUNDAMENTALS BEHIND PV SEPARATION PROCESS

3. PV MEMBRANE MATERIALS AND THEIR SEPARATION PROPERTIES

3.1 PV MEMBRANES

3.1.1 Polymeric Materials for Aqueous–Organic Separations

3.1.1.1 Water Permselective Polymers

3.1.1.2 Apolar or Organophilic Polymers

3.1.2 Polymeric Materials for Organic–Organic Separations

3.2 POLYMER MATERIAL SELECTION FOR PV: CRITERIA

3.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF PV MEMBRANES

3.3.1 Flux

3.3.2 Separation Factor

3.3.3 Enrichment Factor

3.3.4 PV Separation Index

3.3.5 Sorption Selectivity

3.3.6 Permeance/Permeability and Selectivity

3.4 MEMBRANE MORPHOLOGY

3.5 MEMBRANE MODIFICATION

3.5.1 Cross-linking

3.5.2 Grafting

3.5.3 Blending

3.5.4 Copolymerization

3.5.5 Zeolite Incorporation

3.5.6 Hybrid Networking

3.6 FACTORS AFFECTING MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE

3.6.1 Feed Composition and Concentration

3.6.2 Feed and Permeate Pressure

3.6.3 Temperature

3.6.4 Concentration Polarization

3.6.5 Membrane Thickness

3.6.6 Nature of Polymer

4. APPLICATIONS OF PV POLYMERIC MEMBRANES IN SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT LIQUID–LIQUID MIXTURES: AN OVERVIEW ON RECENT RESEARCH AD ...

4.1 SEPARATION OF WATER–ORGANIC MIXTURES

4.1.1 Dehydration of Organic Solvents and Their Mixtures

4.1.2 Recovery of Organic Components from Aqueous Media

4.1.3 Separation of Organic–Organic Mixtures

5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

13 - Separation via Pervaporation Techniques Through Polymeric Membranes

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SEPARATION CHARACTERIZATION PARAMETERS

3. PERVAPORATION MEMBRANE MATERIALS AND THEIR SEPARATION PROPERTIES

3.1 WATER-SELECTIVE POLYMERIC MEMBRANE

3.1.1 Group 1: Hydrogen Bonding Interactions

3.1.2 Group 2: Ion–Dipole Interactions

3.2 APOLAR OR ORGANOPHILIC POLYMER MEMBRANES

4. PERVAPORATION TRANSPORT MODELS

4.1 THERMODYNAMICS OF IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES

4.2 SOLUTION-DIFFUSION MODEL

4.3 MODIFIED SOLUTION-DIFFUSION MODEL

4.4 PORE-FLOW MODEL

4.5 MODIFIED PORE-FLOW MODEL

4.6 THERMODYNAMIC VAPOR–LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM MODEL

4.7 PSEUDOPHASE-CHANGE SOLUTION-DIFFUSION (PPCSD) MODEL

4.8 RESISTANCE-IN-SERIES MODEL

4.9 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

4.10 MAXWELL–STEFAN MODEL

5. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

14 - Membrane Filtration Techniques Through Polymer Nanocomposites

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES

2. MEMBRANE MATERIALS

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBRANES

3.1 SURFACE MORPHOLOGY

3.2 MEMBRANE POROSITY

3.3 MECHANICAL STRENGTH

3.4 SURFACE ROUGHNESS

3.5 HYDROPHILICITY

3.6 PURE WATER FLUX

4. NANOMATERIALS

5. POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

5.1 SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES

5.1.1 Self-Assembly

5.1.2 Coating/Deposition

5.1.3 Chemical Grafting

5.1.4 Blending

6. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS NANOPARTICLES IN POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE MEMBRANES

6.1 METAL OXIDES

6.1.1 Alumina

6.1.2 Titanium Dioxide

6.1.3 Zirconia

6.1.4 Iron-Based Nanoparticles

6.1.5 Manganese Dioxide

6.2 SILVER

6.3 NANOCLAY

6.4 SILICA NANOPARTICLES

6.5 CARBON NANOTUBES

6.6 GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE OXIDE

6.7 ZEOLITES

7. TRANSPORT THROUGH THE MEMBRANE

8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

15 - Liquid Transport Through Biodegradable Polymers

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EFFECT OF NANOFILLERS ON THE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF BIOPOLYMERS

2.1 EFFECT OF NANOPARTICLE HYDRATION ON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES

2.2 EFFECT OF FILLER DISPERSION TECHNIQUE

2.3 EFFECT OF NATURAL FIBERS ON THE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES

2.4 EFFECT OF COMPATIBILIZERS IN BIOPOLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

3. INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE OF LIQUID

4. EFFECT OF CHEMICAL CROSS-LINKING AND THERMAL TREATMENT OF POLYMER MATRIX

5. EFFECT OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYMER MATRIX

6. EFFECT OF CRYSTALLINITY OF POLYMER MATRIX

7. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

8. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

16 - Membrane Distillation, Forward Osmosis, and Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Through Polymer Membranes

1. PRINCIPLES OF MEMBRANE DISTILLATION, FORWARD OSMOSIS, AND PRESSURE-RETARDED OSMOSIS PROCESSES

2. WATER TRANSPORT THROUGH MEMBRANE DISTILLATION, FORWARD OSMOSIS, AND PRESSURE-RETARDED OSMOSIS MEMBRANES

2.1 MASS TRANSFER IN MEMBRANE DISTILLATION

2.2 MASS TRANSFER IN FORWARD OSMOSIS

2.3 MASS TRANSFER IN PRESSURE-RETARDED OSMOSIS

3. HOT TOPICS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE RESEARCH PROSPECTS

REFERENCES

2 - Gas TransportThrough Polymers

17 - Introduction to Gas Transport Through Polymer Membranes

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MEMBRANES

2.1 INORGANIC MEMBRANES

2.2 POLYMERIC MEMBRANES

2.2.1 PI Membranes

2.2.2 Polysulfone Membranes

2.2.3 PC Membranes

2.2.4 Polymer Blends

2.3 INORGANIC-POLYMER HYBRID MEMBRANES

3. GAS TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN POLYMER MEMBRANES

3.1 TRANSPORT THROUGH POROUS MEMBRANES

3.1.1 Knudsen Diffusion/Poiseuille Flow

3.1.2 Molecular Sieve Effect

3.2 TRANSPORT THROUGH DENSE MEMBRANES

4. APPLICATION

5. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

18 - Modern Trends and Applications of Gas Transport Through Various Polymers

1. INTRODUCTION

2. GAS TRANSPORT THROUGH RUBBERY AND GLASSY POLYMERS

3. MODERN STRATEGIES TO “TRADE-OFF” EFFECT: PERMEABILITY VERSUS SELECTIVITY

4. MODERN TRENDS AND APPLICATIONS

4.1 NATURAL GAS PROCESSING

4.2 GAS SEPARATION MEMBRANES

4.2.1 CO2 Separation

4.2.2 Air Separation

4.2.3 Hydrogen Recovery

4.2.4 Gas Dehydration

4.3 FOOD PACKAGING

4.4 ELECTRONIC DEVICES

4.5 PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

4.6 BIOMEDICAL FIELD

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

19 - Fundamentals and Measurement Techniques for Gas Transport in Polymers

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS TRANSPORT THROUGH MEMBRANES

2.1 POISEUILLE FLOW

2.2 KNUDSEN DIFFUSION

2.3 MOLECULAR SIEVING

2.4 SOLUTION DIFFUSION

3. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN GAS SEPARATION

3.1 GAS PERMEATION MEASUREMENT

3.1.1 Integral Permeation Method

3.1.2 Differential Permeation Method

3.2 GAS SORPTION MEASUREMENT

3.2.1 Gravimetric Method

3.2.2 Barometric Method

3.2.3 Volumetric Method

3.3 GAS DIFFUSION MEASUREMENT

3.4 TIME-LAG METHOD

3.4.1 Pressure Decay Method

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

20 - Theoretical Aspects of Gas Transport in Polymers

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MODELS EXPLAINING GAS IN POLYMERS

2.1 MACROSCOPIC (CONTINUUM) MODEL

2.2 MICROSCOPIC (MOLECULAR) MODEL

3. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN DIFFERENT POLYMERIC SYSTEMS

3.1 GAS TRANSPORT IN RUBBERY POLYMERS

3.1.1 Sorption

3.1.2 Diffusion

3.2 GAS PERMEATION IN GLASSY POLYMERS

3.3 GAS TRANSPORT IN CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS

3.3.1 Semicrystalline Polymers

3.3.2 Liquid Crystalline Polymers

4. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON GAS TRANSPORT IN POLYMERS

4.1 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

4.2 PRESSURE EFFECTS

5. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

21 - Gas Permeability and Theoretical Modeling of Elastomers and Its Nanocomposites

1. INTRODUCTION

2. VARIATION IN PERMEABILITY BEHAVIOR DUE TO DIFFERENT KINDS OF NANOFILLERS

3. VARIATION IN MATRIX

4. THEORIES IN GAS PERMEABILITY

5. DIFFERENT KINDS OF MODELS

6. CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

22 - Gas Transport Through Thermoplastics

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MECHANISM OF GAS TRANSPORT THROUGH DIFFERENT THERMOPLASTICS

3. EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON PERMEATION

4. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

5. EFFECT OF FREE VOLUME AND GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE (TG)

6. GAS TRANSPORTS THROUGH POLYETHYLENE, POLYAMIDE 11, AND POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE

7. GAS TRANSPORTS THROUGH POLYCARBONATE

8. GAS TRANSPORTS THROUGH POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

9. INFLUENCE OF CROSS-LINKER

10. INFLUENCE OF FILLERS

11. MODELING OF GAS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES

12. APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPLASTICS WITH GOOD BARRIER EFFICIENCY

12.1 OXYGEN TRANSMISSION RATE

12.2 WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION RATE

12.3 CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSMISSION RATE

13. FUTURE OUTLOOK

14. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

23 - Gas Permeability Through Thermosets

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DIFFUSION OF GASES IN POLYMERS

3. LAWS OF GAS PERMEABILITY

4. MODES OF SORPTION

5. FACTORS AFFECTING GAS PERMEATION PHENOMENA

5.1 NATURE OF POLYMERS

5.2 CRYSTALLINITY

5.3 EFFECT OF FILLER PARTICLES

5.4 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

5.5 FREE VOLUME

6. GASES COMMONLY USED FOR GAS PERMEATION STUDY

7. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING GAS PERMEABILITY

7.1 VOLUME LOSS METHOD

7.2 CONTINUOUS FLOW METHOD

7.3 CONSTANT VOLUME METHOD

7.4 GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

8. GAS BARRIER PROPERTIES OBSERVED IN VARIOUS THERMOSETTING POLYMER COMPOSITES

9. MODELS ASSOCIATED WITH NATURE OF FILLERS

10. THERMOSETTING POLYMERS

10.1 PHENOLIC RESINS

10.2 AMINOPLASTS

10.3 EPOXY RESINS

10.4 POLYURETHANES

10.5 POLYESTER RESINS

10.6 SILICONES

10.7 FURANS

11. METHODS TO IMPROVE THE GAS PERMEABILITY

12. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

24 - Gas Transport Through Polymer Blends

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMER BLENDS

3. CONCLUSIONS

3.1 EFFECT OF POLYMER BLEND MORPHOLOGY ON GAS TRANSPORT

3.2 EFFECT OF GAS SORPTION ON POLYMER BLEND MORPHOLOGY

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

25 - Gas Transport Through Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

1. INTRODUCTION

2. STRUCTURE OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS

2.1 SEQUENTIAL INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK

2.2 SIMULTANEOUS INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK

2.3 LATEX INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK

2.4 GRADIENT INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK

2.5 THERMOPLASTIC INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK

2.6 SEMI–INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK

2.7 HOMO–INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK

3. NOMENCLATURE OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS

4. GAS TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK

4.2 KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSPORT PROCESS

5. GAS TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN SAMPLES OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS

5.1 (NET-POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL DIACRYLATE)-SIPN-POLY(ETHER IMIDES)

5.2 (NET-BISMALEIMIDE)-SIPN-POLY(ETHER IMIDES)

5.3 (NET-POLYURETHANE)-IPN-(NET-POLYSTYRENE)

5.4 (NET-CARDO-BISMALEIMIDE)-SIPN-POLY(ETHER IMIDE)

5.5 (NET-POLY 1-VINYL-3-OCTYLIMIDAZOLIUM HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE)-SIPN-POLY(VINYL ACETATE)

6. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

26 - Activation Entropy for Diffusion of Gases Through Mixed Matrix Membranes

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE UPPER BOUNDS FOR POLYMER PERFORMANCES AND MMMS

3. DESCRIPTION OF MMMS. THE IDEAL CASE

4. “LUMPED” GLOBAL MASS TRANSPORT THROUGH MMMS

5. SORPTION–DIFFUSION MODEL AND PERMEABILITY

6. ENERGY BARRIER MODEL TO DESCRIBE DIFFUSION AND ENTHALPIC AND ENTROPIC CONTRIBUTIONS

6.1 AMORPHOUS CASE

6.2 MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANES CASE

7. TORTUOSITY AND CHAIN IMMOBILIZATION FACTORS

8. THERMODYNAMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE TORTUOSITY AND CHAIN IMMOBILIZATION FACTORS

9. DETERMINATION OF THE TORTUOSITY FACTOR FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA

9.1 THERMAL REARRANGEMENT AND CARBON MOLECULAR SIEVE MEMBRANES

10. OBTAINING SOLUBILITY, PERMEABILITY, AND SELECTIVITY

11. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

27 - Gas Transport Through Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites

1. BACKGROUND ON TRANSPORT PHENOMENON

2. MEASUREMENTS TECHNIQUES: PERMEATION AND SORPTION PROCESSES

2.1 PERMEATION KINETICS

2.1.1 Case Where D Is Constant in Time-Lag Permeation

2.2 SORPTION KINETICS

2.3 SORPTION ISOTHERMS

3. BARRIER PROPERTIES OF POLYMER/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES

3.1 INFLUENCE OF EXFOLIATION AND DISPERSION LEVEL OF NANOCLAYS

3.2 INFLUENCE OF ORIENTATION OF CLAY PLATELETS

3.3 INFLUENCE OF VOLUME FRACTION AND ASPECT RATIO

3.4 INFLUENCE OF THE STRUCTURE AND OF THE MOLECULAR MOBILITY OF POLYMER CHAINS

3.5 INFLUENCE OF POLYMER/CLAY INTERFACIAL AREA

3.6 INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF PERMEANT

4. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

28 - Gas Transport Through Polymer Bio-nanocomposites

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BIO-NANOCOMPOSITES

2.1 BIOPOLYMERS

2.2 BIOPOLYMER-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES

3. NANOREINFORCEMENTS

3.1 CLAYS AND SILICATES

3.2 CARBOHYDRATES-BASED NANOREINFORCEMENTS

4. GAS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF BIO-NANOCOMPOSITES

4.1 PLA-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES

4.2 PHB-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES

4.3 PBS-BASED COMPOSITES

4.4 CELLULOSE-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES

4.5 PCL-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES

5. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

29 - Gas Transport Through Polymer Composites

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THEORY OF GAS TRANSPORT THROUGH POLYMER COMPOSITE MEMBRANE

3. TYPES OF POLYMER COMPOSITE MEMBRANES USED FOR GAS SEPARATION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES

3.1 COMPOSITE MEMBRANES BASED ON RUBBERY POLYMERS

3.2 COMPOSITE MEMBRANES BASED ON GLASSY POLYMERS

4. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

30 - Gas Transport Properties in Packaging Applications

1. INTRODUCTION

2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS FOR PACKAGING

3. MASS TRANSPORT AND PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES

4. GAS PERMEATION: IMPLICATIONS AND METHODS TO CONTROL

4.1 PERMEATION IN MONOLAYER STRUCTURES

4.2 PERMEATION IN MULTILAYER MATERIALS

4.3 PERMEATION A REQUIRED PROCESS IN SOME PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES

5. GAS SORPTION: IMPLICATIONS AND METHODS TO CONTROL

6. GAS MIGRATION: IMPLICATIONS AND METHODS TO CONTROL

7. FUTURE TRENDS

REFERENCES

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

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