Front Cover

Anisotropic Particle Assemblies: Synthesis, Assembly, Modeling, and Applications

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Chapter 1: Recent advances in the synthesis of anisotropic particles

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Anisotropic Organic Particles

1.3. Anisotropic Polymeric Particles

1.3.1. Controlled Deformation

1.3.2. Swelling and Phase Separation

1.3.3. Geometrical Confinement

1.3.4. Self-Assembly of Block Co- and Terpolymers

1.3.5. Replication

1.3.6. Lithography Techniques

1.3.7. Fluidic Processes

1.4. Anisotropic Hybrid Particles

1.4.1. Hybrid Polymeric/Inorganic Particles

1.4.1.1. Electrostatic interactions

1.4.1.2. Fluidic processes

1.4.1.3. Seeded polymerization

1.4.1.4. Geometrical confinement

1.4.2. Hybrid Dielectric/Metal Particles

1.4.2.1. Epitaxial growth

1.4.2.2. Surface modification

1.4.2.3. Masking and templating

1.4.2.4. Precipitation polymerization

1.4.3. Hybrid Metal-Semiconductor Particles

1.4.3.1. Heterogeneous nucleation

1.4.3.2. Simultaneous growth of both components in the absence of preformed seeds

1.4.4. Hybrid Metal-Metal Particles

1.4.4.1. Clustering assisted by van der Waals forces

1.4.4.2. Heterogeneous nucleation via epitaxial growth

1.4.4.3. Heterogeneous nucleation via nonepitaxial growth

1.4.4.4. Galvanic displacement

1.4.4.5. Growth in a template

1.5. Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Shape control in the synthesis of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals

2.1. Introduction

2.2. II-VI NCS

2.3. VI-IV NCS

2.4. III-V NCS

2.5. Halide Perovskite NCS

2.6. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 3: On the mechanistic studies of the growth of anisotropic particles (theory and simulation)

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Anisotropic Crystals Precipitation: Principles

3.2.1. Crystal Growth Driving Force

3.2.2. Particle Morphology: Thermodynamic vs. Kinetic Control

3.2.2.1. Equilibrium morphology

3.2.2.2. Growth morphology

3.2.2.3. Computing particle morphology

3.3. Defining, Representing, and Computing Particle Morphologies

3.3.1. A Mathematical Definition of Particle Morphology

3.3.2. Representing the Morphology Space

3.3.2.1. Morphology graph

3.3.2.2. Morphology domain

3.3.2.3. Shape diagram

3.4. Growth Mechanisms and Mechanistic Models

3.4.1. Kink Sites: Hot Spots for Growth

3.4.2. Diffusion Limited Growth

3.4.2.1. Growth rate in the rough regime

3.4.3. Layered Growth

3.4.3.1. Rate of step propagation

3.4.4. Surface Nucleation

3.4.4.1. Growth rate dominated by surface nucleation

3.4.5. Spiral Growth

3.4.5.1. Growth rate in the spiral mechanism

3.4.6. Growth Regimes vs. Driving Force

3.5. Molecular Models

3.5.1. Particle Morphology From Static Molecular Information

3.5.1.1. Particle morphology from molecular structure

3.5.1.2. Particle morphologies from attachment energy

3.5.2. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Crystal Growth

3.5.2.1. Molecular dynamics simulation setup

Simulation box setup

3.5.2.2. On the crystal growth driving force in finite-sized simulations

Variable driving force

Geometrical constraints

3.5.2.3. MD simulations of growth under a constant driving force

3.5.2.4. Growth mechanisms from MD

Sampling growth events

Extracting mechanistic information from an atomistic trajectory

Evolution of the crystal slab

Evolution of individual crystal layers

Analysis of the single molecule incorporation in a crystal slab

3.5.3. From Mechanisms to Morphology Prediction

3.5.3.1. Morphology of Ag nanoparticles in the presence of structure directing agents

3.5.3.2. Morphology of urea crystals in solution

3.5.4. Mesoscopic Simulation Approaches

3.5.4.1. Coarse graining of the growth unit

3.5.4.2. Three-dimensional partitioning coarse graining

3.6. Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 4: Molecular mimetic self-assembly of anisotropic particles

4.1. Molecular Mimesis

4.2. Colloid Prototyping With Fixable Emulsions

4.2.1. Fixing Exotic Shapes

4.2.2. Adopting Exotic Shapes

4.3. Generating Anisotropic Seeds

4.3.1. Natural Anisotropy

4.3.2. Engineered Anisotropy

4.4. Driving Forces

4.4.1. Entropic Forces

4.4.2. Enthalpic Forces

4.5. Outlook

References

Further Reading

Chapter 5: Directed assembly of anisotropic particles under external fields

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Assembly of Anisotropic Particles Under Electric Fields

5.2.1. Electric Polarizability of a Spherical Particle and Induced Dipolar Interaction

5.2.2. Induced Charge Electroosmosis

5.2.3. Assembly of Particles With Geometric Anisotropy

5.2.4. Assembly of Particles With Interfacial Anisotropy

5.2.5. Compositional Anisotropy

5.3. Magnetic-Field-Assisted Assembly

5.3.1. Magnetic Dipolar Interaction of Isotropic Particles

5.3.2. Assembly of Anisotropic Particles Under a Uniaxial Magnetic Field

5.3.3. Biaxial Magnetic Field

5.3.4. Triaxial Magnetic Field

5.4. Assembly of Anisotropic Particles Induced by Optical Field

5.5. Assembly Under Flow Fields

5.6. Conclusion and Outlook

References

Chapter 6: Computational simulations for particles at interfaces

6.1. Introduction and Motivation

6.2. Free-Energy Models of Nanoparticle Adsorbed at Interfaces

6.3. Molecular Simulations

6.4. Multiscale Simulations: From all-atom to Mesoscopic Descriptions

6.5. Selected Case Studies

6.5.1. Atomistic Studies: Properties of Single Nanoparticles at Interfaces

6.5.2. Mesoscopic Simulations: From Single-Particle Behavior to Emergent Phenomena

6.5.3. Role of Nanoparticles in the Stabilization of Pickering Emulsions

6.6. Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 7: Anisotropic particles at fluid-fluid interfaces (experiment)

7.1. Introduction

7.1.1. Chemically and Geometrically Isotropic Particles at Fluid Interfaces

7.1.2. Repulsive Interactions Between Interface-Trapped Spherical Particles

7.1.3. Capillary Interactions

7.2. Geometrically Anisotropic Chemically Homogeneous Particles

7.3. Spherical and Chemically Anisotropic Janus Particles

7.4. Geometrically and Chemically Anisotropic Colloids

7.5. Outlook of Anisotropic Building Blocks and Their Assemblies at Fluid Interfaces

References

Chapter 8: Theoretical approaches to investigate anisotropic particles at fluid interfaces

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Adsorption of Single Colloids at Interfaces

8.3. Line Tension Effects

8.4. Interfacial Deformation Induced by Colloid Anisotropy

8.5. Capillary Deformations Induced by External Fields

8.6. Interactions Between Particles at Interfaces

8.7. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 9: Design and synthesis of structured particles for next-generation lithium-ion batteries

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Lithium-Ion Batteries

9.3. Anodes for LIBS

9.4. Irion Oxide Anisotropic Particles as Electrodes for LIBS

9.4.1. 1D Structure

9.4.2. 2D Structure

9.4.3. 3D Structure

9.4.4. Hollow Structure

9.4.5. Iron Oxides/Carbon Composites

9.5. Summary

References

Further Reading

Chapter 10: Active colloids: Toward an intelligent micromachine

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Different Types of Active Colloids

10.2.1. Magnetophoresis Colloids

10.2.2. Electrophoresis Colloids

10.2.3. Self-Driven Active Colloids

10.2.4. Other Active Colloids Systems

10.2.4.1. Acoustically powered colloids systems

10.2.4.2. Thermally powered colloids systems

10.2.4.3. Hybrid active colloids

10.3. Applications of Active Colloids

10.3.1. Environmental Applications

10.3.2. Therapeutic Applications

10.3.3. Lab-on-a-Chip Applications

10.4. Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 11: Noble metal nanoparticles with anisotropy in shape and surface functionality for biomedical applications

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Nanoparticles With Anisotropy in Shape

11.3. Nanoparticles With Anisotropy in Surface Functionality

11.4. Outlook

References

Chapter 12: Outlook and future directions

12.1. Future Directions in Experiments

12.1.1. Particle Synthesis

12.1.2. Advanced Characterization Tools

12.1.3. Force and Potential Measurements

12.1.4. Anisotropic Particles in Anisotropic Media

12.2. Future Directions in Theory and Numerical Modeling

12.2.1. The Reliability of the Force Fields

12.2.2. The Inherent Limitations of the Algorithms

12.2.3. Limitations in Computing Power

12.2.4. Capturing Hydrodynamic Interactions Between Particles

12.3. Future Directions Toward Commercialization

12.4. Conclusions

References

Index

Back Cover