YOUTH IN THE LABOR FORCE: CONTEXT, TRENDS, AND JOB TRAINING PROGRAMS

YOUTH IN THE LABOR FORCE: CONTEXT, TRENDS, AND JOB TRAINING PROGRAMS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 YOUTH AND THE LABOR FORCE: BACKGROUND AND TRENDS

SUMMARY

MAJOR FINDINGS

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT PATHWAYS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

OVERVIEW OF DATA

RECENT TRENDS

Changes Since 2000

Unemployment and the 2007-2009 Recession

TRENDS OVER TIME

Age

Youth

Workers of Prime Age

Gender

Race and Ethnicity

Income

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE YOUTH EMPLOYMENT SITUATION

The Labor Market

Experience and Education

Other Factors

Mobility

Neighborhood Characteristics

CONSEQUENCES OF YOUTH LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION TRENDS

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX. SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES AND FIGURES

End Notes

Chapter 2 VULNERABLE YOUTH: EMPLOYMENT AND JOB TRAINING PROGRAMS

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

CONTEXT

HISTORY OF FEDERAL YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND JOB TRAINING PROGRAMS

Depression Era

War on Poverty Programs

Expanding Youth Programs

CETA and YEDPA

JTPA

STWOA

WIA

OVERVIEW OF YOUTH PROGRAMS AUTHORIZED UNDER TITLE I OF THE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACT

Coordination

Funding

FY2013 Request

FY2012 and FY2011 Funding—Workforce Innovation Fund

ARRA Funding

Timing of Funds

YOUTH ACTIVITIES FORMULA GRANT PROGRAM

Overview and Purpose

Program Structure

Youth Councils

Elements of Local Programs

Participants

Older and Out-of-School Youth

Allocations

Performance

JOB CORPS

Overview and Purpose

Program Structure

Services

Participants

Allocations

Performance

YOUTHBUILD

Overview and Purpose

Program Structure

Participants

Allocations

Performance

REINTEGRATION OF EX-OFFENDERS

Overview and Purpos

Program Structure

Education

Apprenticeships, Alternative Education, and Expansion Grants

Reentry

Community Service/Restorative Justice

Participants

Allocations

Performance

YOUTH OPPORTUNITY GRANTS

Overview and Purpose

Program Structure

Participants

Allocations

Performance Measures

APPENDIX A. WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACT FUNDING FOR YOUTH PROGRAMS

APPENDIX B. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN WIA YOUTH PROGRAMS

End Notes

INDEX

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