Chapter
Overview of insulin action
GLUT4 glucose transporters
Insulin stimulates GLUT4 trafficking
Insulin signaling pathways
Capítulo 3. Cellular Models for the Study of Type 2 Diabetes
Uncoupling insulin signaling cascade: insulin resistance is tissue specific
Genetic cellular models for the study of insulin resistance and sensitivity
Models of insulin resistance associated with obesity
Capítulo 4. Transgenic Animal Models and the Metabolic Syndrome
Alterations of white and brown adipose tissue function and the Metabolic Syndrome
A primary alteration in liver may lead to whole-body metabolic alterations
Skeletal muscle alterations in the Metabolic Syndrome
Capítulo 5. Aging and the Metabolic Syndrome
Introduction: Biology of aging and aspects related to Metabolic Syndrome
Relationship of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and specific manifestations with age
Insulin resistance due or related to aging?
Interactive conclusions for Metabolic Syndrome and aging
Capítulo 6. Gene/Environment Interaction: Thrifty Genotype Versus Thrifty Phenotype
The thrifty genotype hypothesis
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis
Diet in an evolutionary perspective
Interaction between fetal programming and lifestyle
Loss of physiological flexibility of metabolism
Nutrition, reproduction and longevity
Further perspectives based on evolutionary biology
The role of caloric restriction and aging
Conclusions and future perspectives
Capítulo 7. Epidemiology of the Metabolic Syndrome
Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome
The Metabolic Syndrome: a controversial concept
Geographical distribution
Metabolic Syndrome in children and adolescents
The future of the Metabolic Syndrome
Capítulo 8. Genetic Susceptibility to the Metabolic Syndrome
Heritability of the components of the Metabolic Syndrome
Thrifty genotype or phenotype
Search for genes for the Metabolic Syndrome
Candidate genes for the Metabolic Syndrome
Capítulo 9. Genomic of Skeletal Muscle and its Implications in the Metabolic Syndrome
A “transcriptomic strategy” to find genes for the insulin resistance syndrome
A “proteomic strategy” to find genes for the insulin resistance syndrome
A mitochondrial hypothesis for the insulin resistance syndrome?
Capítulo 10. The Metabolic Syndrome: Obesity and Diet Modulates the Expression of its Genetic Predisposition
Genes and cardiovascular risk
The Metabolic Syndrome: components, prevalence and therapies
Multiple candidate genes and environmental factors driving the Metabolic Syndrome
Modulators of the association between genotypes and phenotypes in the Metabolic Syndrome
Capítulo 11. Pathophysiology of Insulin Action in Humans
Pathophysiology of insulin-mediated glucose metabolism
The role of the adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of insulin action
Insulin action is not limited to glucose – FFA metabolism. The pleiotropic action of insulin
Insulin action on the b-cell. Another insulin–resistant tissue?
A tentative description of integrated pathophysiology of insulin action in man
Capítulo 12. Leptin, Insulin and Blood-Brain Barrier Relations in Obesity
A short overview of the BBB
The BBB in dysfunction and disease
Transport of feeding-related peptides and proteins across the BBB
Leptin and insulin resistance syndromes
Capítulo 13. Chronic Inflammatory Hypothesis in the Metabolic Syndrome
Effector arm of the innate immunity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Sensing arm of the innate immunity and the Metabolic Syndrome
The hypothesis of inflammation: More than a hypothesis?
Capítulo 14. Metabolic Syndrome and Adipokines
Identification and structure of adiponectin
Insulin resistance and adiponectin
Action mechanism of adiponectin
Alterations in adiponectin gene are associated with diabetes
Cloning of adiponectin receptors
Regulation of adiponectin receptors
The adiponectin hypothesis
Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors as therapeutic targets
Capítulo 15. Role of PPARs in the Pathogenesis of the Metabolic Syndrome
The Metabolic Syndrome from an adipose tissue perspective
PPARs and the Metabolic Syndrome
Obesity, the driving factor in the Metabolic Syndrome?
Insulin resistance, the common link in the Metabolic Syndrome
PPARs in atherosclerosis and inflammation
Capítulo 16. The Lipotoxicity and Glucotoxicity Hypothesis in the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
Consequences of lipid accumulation
Capítulo 17. Thermogenesis and the Metabolic Syndrome
Components of energy expenditure
The contribution of reduced thermogenesis to obesity and its metabolic complications
Reduced oxidative capacity as a risk factor for the Metabolic Syndrome, and in particular for the development of muscle insulin resistance
UCP2 and pancreatic b cell function
Thermogenic effects of leptin and insulin and the interrelationship between the two hormones
Strategies and targets for intervention
Capítulo 18. Nitric Oxide and Cell Metabolism Dysfunction in the Metabolic Syndrome
Oxidative metabolism in humans with Metabolic Syndrome
Defective oxidative metabolism in visceral fat of patients with Metabolic Syndrome?
eNOS–/– mice: a model of Metabolic Syndrome that suggests a novel pathophysiological process
Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis
NO as a regulator of mitochondrial functions
NO and mitochondrial biogenesis: signaling system sensors of metabolic state of the cell
Capítulo 19. Endothelial Dysfunction in the Metabolic Syndrome
General model of nitric oxide production
The endothelium beyond NO
Assessment of endothelial function
Mechanistic insight into endothelial dysfunction by risk factors included in the MetS
Endothelial dysfunction in the MetS
The effect of high blood pressure
The effect of dyslipidemia
The effect of visceral obesity
Capítulo 20. Hypertension in the Metabolic Syndrome
The place of hypertension in the conflict of MetS definitions
The problem of “metabolically correct” antihypertensives
Capítulo 21. Dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome
Dyslipidemia profile in the Metabolic Syndrome
Pathophysiology of metabolism of triglyceride rich lipoproteins (TRLs)
Dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome primarily a postprandial phenomenon?
Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome
Dyslipidemia and vascular disease in the Metabolic Syndrome
Capítulo 22. Alterations in Thrombosis and Fibrinolysis in the Metabolic Syndrome
Mechanism of endothelial dysfunction
Upregulation of coagulation
Thrombin as a link between inflammation and coagulation
Therapeutic Insights and Concluding Remarks
Capítulo 23. Insulin Resistance and Coronary Heart Disease
Evaluation of direct and indirect effects of hyperinsulinemia / insulin resistance on the risk of CHD
Associations of insulin resistance / hyperinsulinemia with cardiovascular risk factors
Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and CHD: prospective studies
Direct effects of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance on the risk of CHD
Capítulo 24. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A new entry in the Metabolic Syndrome?
Link between NAFLD and features of the Metabolic Syndrome
Early screening tools to detect subjects at risk for NAFLD and/or the Metabolic Syndrome
Predictors of high liver fat content
Capítulo 25. Hyperinsulinism, Insulin Resistance and Fertility
Insulin and IGF system in the reproductive organs
Other IR syndromes with hyperandrogenism
IR and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Capítulo 26. Nutritional Treatment in the Metabolic Syndrome
Role of carbohydrates in insulin resistance
Fat and insulin resistance
Dietary recommendations for the Metabolic Syndrome
Changes in lifestyle vs. drug treatment
Capítulo 27. Drug Treatment in the Metabolic Syndrome
Pathogenic pathways and drug targets
Capítulo 28. The Metabolic Syndrome: Lifestyle, Drugs, or Both?
Implementing dietary change to prevent the Metabolic Syndrome
Social factors in prevention
Physical activity and inactivity
Pharmacotherapy: Preventing diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Metabolic Syndrome at the Beginning of the XXI Century
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