Chapter
Effect of lens on Gaussian beam
Higher-order Gaussian beams
5 Coherent and incoherent imaging
The source and the illumination optics
Resolution of the imaging system
Images of non-periodic objects
6 First-order temporal coherence in classical optics†
Time dependence, frequency spectrum, and phase
The Mach-Zehnder interferometer
7 The van Cittert-Zernike theorem
Time dependence, frequency spectrum, and phase
The cross-correlation function
Double pinhole interference
The van Cittert-Zernike theorem
8 Partial polarization, Stokes parameters, and the Poincaré sphere
Orthogonal polarization components
Ideal phase-retarder and polarizer; transmitted power
Partial depolarization by a glass slab upon reflection or transmission
Partial depolarization upon transmission through a birefringent slab
9 Second-order coherence and the Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment
Intensity fluctuations and the degree of second-order coherence
Case 2: Coherent laser light
The Hanbury Brown-Twiss Experiment
10 What in the world are surface plasmons?†
Surface plasmons in a thin metallic film
A simple explanation based on Fresnel’s reflection coefficients
Attenuated total internal reflection (ATIR)
Excitation of surface plasmons in metalized diffraction gratings
11 Surface plasmon polaritons on metallic surfaces†
Metallic slab in the free space
Interference between odd and even modes
Polarization dependence of SPP
Electromagnetic basis of the Faraday effect
Faraday rotation in a transparent slab
Faraday medium in a Fabry-Pe´rot resonator
Longitudinal and transverse geometries
13 The magneto-optical Kerr effect
Electromagnetic basis of the Kerr effect
Localized probe of the state of magnetization
Enhancing the Kerr signal
14 The Sagnac interferometer
Fundamental formula of the Sagnac interferometer
Doppler shift caused by moving reflectors
The effect of a co-rotating dielectric medium
15 Fabry-Pe´rot etalons in polarized light
Enhancement of Faraday rotation
16 The Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem
Radiation from a uniform sheet of oscillating dipoles
Slab of absorbing material
Oblique incidence on a dielectric slab
17 Reciprocity in classical linear optics
Non-reciprocity of Faraday rotators
Is a polarizer reciprocal?
Are lenses reciprocal in the above sense?
Reciprocity of conventional mirrors
Reciprocity and Maxwell's equations
Multilayer dielectric stack
18 Optical pulse compression
Pulse propagation in an isotropic, homogeneous, and dispersive medium
Group velocity dispersion
Quadratic phase-factor, chirp, and pulse broadening
Propagation in nonlinear media and pulse compression
Eliminating the quadratic phase-factor
Slab waveguide and the effective refractive index of guided modes
19 The uncertainty principle in classical optics
Angular separation and the limit of resolvability
Separating two beams by means of a lens
Angular discrimination by means of a Fabry-Pe´rot etalon
Co-propagating beams of differing wavelengths
Wavelength discrimination using a Fabry-Pe´rot etalon
Spectral analysis using a diffraction grating
20 Omni-directional dielectric mirrors
Selecting layer thicknesses
Designing an omni-directional reflector
21 Linear optical vortices†
Relation to Gauss-Hermite (or Laguerre) polynomials
Resolving adjacent vortices
22 Geometric-optical rays, Poynting's vector, and the field momenta
Computing the Poynting vector
Rays of a linearly polarized Gaussian beam
The case of circular polarization
Linear and angular momenta of the field
Spin versus orbital angular momentum
Rays at the focal plane of a lens
23 Doppler shift, stellar aberration, and convection of light by moving media
Plane waves and the Lorentz transformation
Diffraction of light from a grating in uniform motion
Rayleigh range of a moving Gaussian beam
Convection of light by moving media
Location of diffracted beams
Dependence of diffraction efficiency on the grating period
Effect of the groove depth
Littrow mount and blazed gratings
Dielectric-coated grating
25 Diffractive optical elements
Transmissive diffractive optical element
Reflective diffractive optical element
Reflective DOE on flat substrate
Transmissive DOE on an aspheric glass lens
Reflective DOE on a parabolic mirror
Lensless imaging of a periodic pattern
27 Some quirks of total internal reflection
Focusing through a glass hemisphere
Evanescent coupling to a metallic film
Evanescent coupling to an optical disk
29 Internal and external conical refraction
Biaxial birefringent crystals and their optic axes
Internal conical refraction
Polarization and phase patterns of the refracted beam
Effect of linear incident polarization
External conical refraction
Character of the emergent beam at the pinhole and the effect of incident polarization
30 Transmission of light through small elliptical apertures†
Radiation by an oscillating dipole
Plane wave reflection from a (highly conducting) flat mirror
Elliptical aperture illuminated with plane-wave polarized along the long axis
Elliptical aperture illuminated with plane-wave polarized along the short axis
31 The method of Fox and Li
Effect of misalignments and aberrations
32 The beam propagation method†
Single-mode step-index fiber
Fiber with a complex core structure
Multimode interference device
33 Launching light into a fiber
Effect of beam tilt and wavefront curvature
Effect of beam size and astigmatism
Tolerance for beam decenter, tilt, and defocus
Plano-convex lens made of GradiumTM glass
34 The optics of semiconductor diode lasers†
Characteristics of diode lasers
Origin of diode laser astigmatism
Beam collimation using a cylindrical lens pair
Anamorphic magnification and beam compression
Cylindrical lenses for collimation and beam-shaping in fiber optics systems
35 Michelson's stellar interferometer
The double-slit interferometer
Dependence of fringe visibility on d
36 Bracewell's interferometric telescope
The case against a conventional telescope
Destructive and constructive interference
The fringe pattern and the spinning telescope
Interplanetary dust and zodiacal light
Effect of star's finite diameter
Achromatic path-length equalization
37 Scanning optical microscopy†
Line scans across a grating
Focusing through a cover plate
38 Zernike's method of phase contrast
The phase-contrast microscope
The source and the illumination optics
Contrast enhancement with coherent illumination
Contrast enhancement with incoherent illumination
39 Polarization microscopy
The polarization microscope
40 Nomarski's differential interference contrast microscope
Differential interference contrast microscope
41 The van Leeuwenhoek microscope
Elementary optics of glass spheres
Glass sphere as a magnifier
Other applications of glass spheres
42 Projection photolithography†
Alternating-aperture phase-shifting mask
More complicated patterns
Phase-shifters on a transparent background
43 Interaction of light with subwavelength structures†
Reflection from a metallic mirror
Reflection and transmission at a dielectric bilayer
Reflection from convex and concave pits
Transmission through small apertures
Choosing an appropriate grating
Ronchigrams for primary or Seidel aberrations
Sliding the grating along the optical axis
Testing by interfering with a reference plane wave
Knife-edge and wire tests
Extensions of the Ronchi test
45 The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
Wavefront analysis by interferometry
The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor
Thin film on transparent substrate
Performance of the nulling ellipsometer
Ellipsometry with a variable retarder
47 Holography and holographic interferometry
Hologram of a simple phase-amplitude object
Holographic images of the recorded object
Holographic interferometry
Real-time interferometry using a holographic image
48 Self-focusing in nonlinear optical media†
The physics of optical nonlinearity
Self-focusing by transmission through a thin slab
Self-focusing through a thick slab
Asymmetric intensity profile and self-deflection
49 Spatial optical solitons†
The beam propagation method (BPM)
Slab waveguide with and without nonlinearity
Adjacent pair of out-of-phase solitons
Adjacent pair of in-phase solitons
50 Laser heating of multilayer stacks
Heat diffusion in the stationary stack
Recording by magnetic field modulation
Phase-change optical recording
Classical Optics and its Applications
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.