Description
Dispossession and forced migration in the Middle East remain even today significant elements of contemporary life in the region. Dawn Chatty's book traces the history of those who, as a reconstructed Middle East emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, found themselves cut off from their homelands, refugees in a new world, with borders created out of the ashes of war and the fall of the Ottoman Empire. As an anthropologist, the author is particularly sensitive to individual experience and how these experiences have impacted on society as a whole from the political, social, and environmental perspectives. Through personal stories and interviews within different communities, she shows how some minorities, such as the Armenian and Circassian communities, have succeeded in integrating and creating new identities, whereas others, such as the Palestinians and the Kurds, have been left homeless within impermanent landscapes.
Chapter
Nationalism, boundaries, minorities, and majorities
Identity formation, ethnicity, and nationalism
Displacement, space, and place
Ethnic and national ideologies
Multicultural spaces and hybridized places
Placing the Other (‘Us’ and ‘Them’)
Community and social cohesion
2 Dispossession and Forced Migration in the Late Ottoman Empire: Distinct Cultures and Separated Communities
Dispossession, banishment, exile, and refuge in Europe
Dispossession and refuge in the Ottoman lands
The rise of the Ottoman Empire
The establishment of the millet (religious community) to govern the non-muslim (dhimmi) peoples
The European interferences in Ottoman affairs regularized in the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman identities and social transformations in the nineteenth century
Millets, nationalism, and the Tanzimat reconsidered
European and Russian imperialism and the diminution of the Ottoman state
Dismemberment of the empire (and the growing dispossession of Muslims from Ottoman Europe)
Romanian semi-independence
Bosnian rebellion (1875–6) and the Russian–Ottoman Wars of 1877–8
Jewish immigration to Palestine
The Macedonia problem 1912–3
The Armenian massacres of 1915–6
The end of empire and the emerging Turkish state
3 Circassian, Chechnyan, and Other Muslim Communities Expelled from the Caucasus and the Balkans
Surviving expulsion and forced migration
Caucasian settlement in the Balkans
Secondary forced migration into Anatolia and the southern Ottoman provinces
Caucasian forced migrants turn settlers in the Syrian provinces
Damascus district settlements
Jaulan Heights settlements
Southern Syrian provinces
Zarqa and other Chechnyan settlements
Ethnic Identity and National Loyalty
4 The Armenians and Other Christians: Expulsions and Massacres
Armenians in the late Ottoman period
Armenian nationalist agenda: Terrorism and vilification in Anatolia
Wars in the East and the Armenian massacres
Surviving the deportation and the death marches
5 Palestinian Dispossession and Exodus
Who are the people of Palestine?
The end of empires at the beginning of the twentieth century
The emergence of European Zionism
The 1936–1939 Palestinian rebellion
The UN Partition Plan of 1947 the declaration of the State of Israel 1948
Palestinian expulsion and the humanitarian emergency
The Palestinian exodus: Stateless refugees without protection or rights of return
Historical timeline, socio-political conditions and civil rights
Conclusion: Palestinian notions of identity, of place and space
6 Kurds: Dispossessed and Made Stateless
Background (geography and history)
Mir Mohammed’s uprising in Soran
Shaykh Obeidullah’s revolt of 1880
Kurdish separatism and nationalism
Popular resistance in Dersim
Kurds in Syria: stateless among citizens
7 Liminality and Belonging: Social Cohesion in Impermanent Landscapes
Dispossession, destruction and reconstruction
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the ‘unmixing of peoples’ and the re-creation of deracinated ‘communities’
Circassian and Chechnyan Muslim refugees from the frontiers of the empire
Armenians and other Christian refugees on the Russian–Ottoman borders
From liminality to social cohesion in impermanent landscapes
Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
( The Contemporary Middle East )
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