Chapter
1.1.5 Reversibility of protein adsorption
1.1.6 Competitive adsorption behavior
1.2 Biomaterial surface properties and their effect on protein adsorption
1.2.1 Promoting protein adsorption: Osseointegration
1.2.2 Preventing protein adsorption: Hemocompatibility
1.3 Quantification of protein adsorption
1.3.1.2 Surface plasmon resonance
1.3.2.1 Fluorescent spectroscopy
1.3.2.2 Infrared absorption spectroscopy
1.3.3.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
1.3.5 Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D)
1.4 The importance of adsorbed proteins in the tissue reaction to biomaterials
1.4.1 Effect of adsorbed proteins on cell adhesion
1.4.2 Effect of adsorbed proteins on cell activation
1.4.3 Effect of adsorbed proteins on the FBR
1.5 Quantification/detection of cell adhesion and activation
1.5.1.2 Three-dimensional traction force microscopy (3D-TFM)
1.5.2.1 Fluorescence microscopy
1.5.2.3 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Chapter 2: Extracellular matrix constitution and function for tissue regeneration and repair
2.1 An overview of ECM structure and function
2.1.4 Growth factor reservoir and modulator of signaling peptides
2.2.3 Other ECM molecules
2.2.4 Matrix-degrading enzymes
2.3 ECM dynamics in development
2.3.1 General aspects/processes
2.3.1.2 Branching morphogenesis
2.3.1.3 Stem cell niches and stem cell differentiation
2.3.2.1 ECM in nervous system development
2.3.2.2 Skeletal development
2.4 ECM remodeling in regeneration and repair
2.4.1 Intervertebral disc regeneration
2.4.3 Bone remodeling and healing
2.4.4 CNS regeneration and repair
Chapter 3: Surface functionalization of biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration and repair
3.1 General introduction and chapter overview
3.2 Principles of surface biofunctionalization for bone repair
3.2.1 Mimicking bone ECM with peptides and proteins
3.2.1.1 Integrin signaling
3.2.1.2 Growth factor signaling
3.2.2 Ligands used for biofunctionalization
3.2.2.1 Limitations of proteins
3.2.2.2 Limitations of synthetic peptides
3.3 RGD peptidomimetics as surface coating molecules
3.3.1 Cyclic peptides and modifications of the peptide structure
3.3.2 Design of nonpeptidic integrin-binding ligands
3.3.3 Examples of surface functionalization with avß3- or a5ß1-selective peptidomimetics
3.4 Multifunctionality on biomaterials
3.4.1 Combining multiple biological cues—toward highly bioactive biomaterials
3.4.1.1 Multifunctional approaches (I): Improving cell adhesion
3.4.1.2 Multifunctional approaches (II): Mimicking the ECM microenvironment
3.4.1.3 Multifunctional approaches (III): Winning the race for the surface
3.4.2 Systems of presentation
3.4.2.2 Peptide oligomers and constructs
3.4.2.3 Engineered protein fragments
3.4.2.4 Growth factor recruiting systems
3.4.2.5 Functionalized (antifouling) polymers
3.4.2.6 Functionalized drug-releasing polymers
3.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 4: Bioengineered peptide-functionalized hydrogels for tissue regeneration and repair
4.1.1 Structural and compositional features of the native extracellular matrix
4.2 Hydrogels as ECM mimics
4.2.1 Bioactive and bioinert hydrogels
4.3 Bioengineered hydrogels
4.3.1 Biofunctionalization of hydrogels with bioactive peptides
4.3.1.1 Hydrogel conjugation with integrin-binding peptides
4.3.1.2 Hydrogel conjugation with protease-sensitive peptides
4.3.1.3 Hydrogel conjugation with proangiogenic peptides
4.3.1.4 Hydrogel conjugation with differentiation-inducer peptides
4.3.1.5 Hydrogel conjugation with GAG-binding peptides
4.4 Balancing biochemical and biomechanical cues in hydrogel-based matrices
4.5 Dynamically switchable peptide-functionalized hydrogels
4.6 General conclusions and future directions
Chapter 5: Collagen-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration and repair
5.2 Structure and function of collagen
5.3 Manufacturing and fabrication of collagen-based biomaterials
5.3.1 Isolation of collagen
5.3.5.1 Dehydrothermal treatment
5.3.5.2 Ultraviolet radiation
5.3.5.5 Microbial transglutaminase
5.4 Functionalized collagen-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration
5.4.1 Composite scaffolds
5.4.2 Cell-based therapies
5.4.3 Growth factor and recombinant protein delivery
5.4.4 Gene-activated matrices
5.5 State of the art and future trends
Chapter 6: Fibrin biomaterials for tissue regeneration and repair
6.2 Fibrin(ogen) structure
6.3 Fibrin polymerization
6.4 Overview of fibrin's role in promoting cell infiltration during wound repair
6.5 Fibrin-cell interactions
6.6 Impact of cells on fibrin network formation and properties
6.7 Fibrin and inflammation
6.8 Fibrin and angiogenesis
6.9 Overview of fibrin biomaterials and current clinical uses
6.10 Fibrin as a tissue sealant
6.11 Engineering the properties of fibrin networks
6.12 Mechanical modification of stiffness/elasticity
6.13 Modification of degradation properties
6.14 Modification with growth factors
6.15 Summary and future outlooks
Chapter 7: Fibrous protein-based biomaterials (silk, keratin, elastin, and resilin proteins) for tissue regeneration and repair
7.2 Biopolymer-gels based on fibrous proteins: General considerations
7.3.2 Extraction and purification
7.3.3 Hydrogels formation
7.3.4 Applications in tissue repair and regeneration
7.4.2 Extraction and purification
7.4.4 Applications in tissue repair and regeneration
7.4.4.1 Nerve regeneration
7.4.4.4 Cartilage tissue engineering
7.4.4.5 Controlled drug delivery system
7.4.4.6 Cell culture systems
7.5.2 Extraction and purification
7.5.4 Application in tissue repair and regeneration
7.6.2 Protein extraction and purification
7.6.4 Application on tissue repair and regeneration
7.7 Final remarks and future perspectives
Chapter 8: Fabrication of nanofibers and nanotubes for tissue regeneration and repair
8.2 Nanofibers from organic materials
8.2.4 Other processing techniques
Chapter 9: Peptide and protein printing for tissue regeneration and repair
9.2 Contact printing technologies
9.2.1 Reactive microcontact printing
9.2.2 Supramolecular microcontact printing
9.2.3 Dip pen nanolithography
9.2.4 Polymer pen lithography
9.3 Printing applications in biology and medicine
9.3.1 Biomaterial microarrays
9.3.2 ECM microarrays to control cell shape
9.3.3 Shape-induced stem cell differentiation
9.3.4 Printed arrays for neurons
9.3.5 Peptide arrays in cartilage research
9.3.6 Antiinflammation by printed micropatterns
9.3.7 Drug delivery from arrays
9.3.8 Biomembrane modeling
9.4 Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 10: Self-assembling peptides and their application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
10.2 Common secondary structure of proteins and peptides
10.2.5 Poly-proline type II helices
10.3 Self-assembled supramolecular definite and indefinite structures
10.3.1 Formation of definite structures
10.3.1.1 Spherical micelles
10.3.2 Formation of indefinite structures
10.4 Classes of self-assembling peptides
10.4.1 Peptide amphiphiles
10.4.2 Ionic complementary peptides
10.4.3 Multidomain peptides
10.4.4 Short aromatic and aliphatic peptides
10.4.5 Collagen model peptides
10.4.6 ß-Hairpin peptides
10.5 Self-assembling peptide-based biomaterials
10.5.1 Self-supporting peptide hydrogels
10.5.2 Free-standing peptide-polymer membrane and sacs
10.5.3 Dynamic 3D peptide-protein tubes
10.6 Application of self-assembling peptides in regenerative medicine
10.6.2 Tooth regeneration
10.6.3 Cartilage regeneration
10.6.4 Nervous tissue regeneration
10.6.5 Cardiovascular tissue regeneration
10.6.6 Role in angiogenesis
10.6.7 Miscellaneous application concerning other organs
10.7 Current outlook and future prospects
Chapter 11: Collagen-like materials for tissue regeneration and repair
11.2 A brief insight on structural details of the collagen triple helix
11.3 Synthetic strategies towards stable triple-helical CLP and their conjugates
11.3.1 Backbone modification
11.3.2 Side chain modification
11.3.3 N-terminal conjugation
11.3.4 C-terminal conjugation
11.3.5 Conjugation at multiple sites
Chapter 12: Elastin-like materials for tissue regeneration and repair
12.1.1 Elastin-like recombinamers
12.1.2 Mechanisms to form ELR matrices for tissue-engineering applications
12.1.3 Physically cross-linked ELR hydrogels
12.1.3.1 Crosslinking via ionic interactions
12.1.3.2 Self-assembly of amphiphilic blocks and graft copolymers
12.1.3.3 Intermolecular interaction of secondary protein structures
12.1.4 Functionalization of ELRs and covalent cross-linked ELR hydrogels
12.2 In vitro cyto- and biocompatibility of ELRs
12.3 Elastin-like recombinamers for tissue-engineering applications
12.3.1 Osteochondral applications
12.3.2 ELRs for (cardio-)vascular tissue regeneration
12.3.3 ELRs for ocular prostheses
12.3.4 Other applications of ELRs
Chapter 13: Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) biomaterial coatings for tissue repair
13.1 Brief overview of antimicrobial peptides
13.2.1 AMP physisorption as biomaterials coating
13.2.2 AMP covalently immobilized as biomaterials coating
13.2.2.1 Antimicrobial efficiency of immobilized AMPs
13.2.2.2 Solid supports and chemical coupling strategies
13.2.2.3 Peptide orientation after immobilization
13.2.2.4 Influence of the spacer
13.2.2.5 Peptide concentration
13.2.2.6 Cytocompatibility
13.2.2.7 Long-term stability
Chapter 14: Antimicrobial peptides as hydrogels for tissue regeneration and repair
14.2 Antimicrobial peptide’s mechanism of action
14.3 Peptides and tissue remodeling
14.4 Tailoring antimicrobial peptide gelation to physiological stimuli
14.4.1 pH/ionic strength triggered gelation
14.4.2 Enzymatic self-assembly
14.5 Peptide hydrogelators for tissue engineering
14.5.1 Neuronal cell scaffolds
14.5.2 RADA16 and PuraMatrix
14.5.3 Scaffolds for bone remineralization
14.5.4 Scaffolds for protein delivery
14.6 Peptide hydrogelators for wound healing
Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair
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