Front Cover

Bioenvironmental Issues Affecting Men’s Reproductive and Sexual Health

Bioenvironmental Issues Affecting Men’s Reproductive and Sexual Health

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Affiliations and Biographies

Acknowledgments

Introduction

HISTORICAL ASPECTS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

ENVIRONMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

ENVIRONMENT AND SEXUAL HEALTH

ABOUT THE BOOK

IN SUMMARY

REFERENCES

A - Men’s Reproductive Health

1 -Biology of Male ReproductiveTract and Environment

1 - How Environmental and Air Pollution Disrupt Spermatogenesis and Male Reproductive Health: A Mechanistic Approach

INTRODUCTION

ENVIRONMENTAL AND URBAN AIR POLLUTION

DECREASED SEMEN QUALITY

DECREASED MALE/FEMALE RATIO IN HUMANS AND MICE AND DISRUPTION OF SPERMATOGENESIS WITH INCREASING LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION

INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION OF VEHICULAR ORIGIN ON SEMINAL PARAMETERS OF TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS HEAVILY EXPOSED TO VEHICULAR EMISSIO...

ASSOCIATION OF LOW VITAMIN “D” LEVELS, REPRODUCTIVE FITNESS, STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS, AND IMMUNE SYSTEM ALTERATIONS

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CANCER

ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

2 - Environmental Issues Resulting in Hypogonadism in Brazilian Men

INTRODUCTION

VITAMIN D

MEDICATIONS

POLLUTANTS

EFFECTS OVER THE FERTILITY

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

3 - Environmental Risk Factors Related to Male Reproductive Health in Turkish Society

INTRODUCTION

HEAVY METALS

LEAD

ARSENIC

OTHER HEAVY METALS

PHYTOESTROGENS

PHTHALATES AND BISPHENOL A

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL

PESTICIDES AND INSECTICIDES

TOBACCO AND PASSIVE SMOKING

DEPRESSION AND INFERTILITY IN TURKISH SOCIETY

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

REFERENCES

4 - Effect of Environmental Toxins on Spermatogonial Stem Cells

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULTS

PESTICIDES AND RADIOACTIVE GAS

METOX, SADOFOS, AND FOSCHLOR

TRITIUM

OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGENS, PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES, AND METALS

ACRYLAMIDE

CHLORDANE AND LEAD

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID

ENDOSULFAN

VANADIUM

PROFENOFOS

4-NITRO-3-PHENYLPHENOL

MICROCYSTIN-LR

INVESTIGATIONS ON NONHUMAN PRIMATE AND HUMAN

PHTHALATE ESTERS

1,2,DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE AND 2-BROMOPROPANE

TOBACCO SMOKE

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

II - Life Style Issuesand Male ReproductiveHealth

5 - Lifestyle Stress and Its Impact on Male Reproductive Health

INTRODUCTION

STRESS AND HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS

STRESS, SLEEP QUALITY, AND HYPOGONADISM

STRESS, OBESITY, AND MEN’S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

VITAMIN D AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

6 - The Impact of Lifestyle Factors on Male Reproduction: Body Composition, Diet, Exercise, and Recreational Drug Use

INTRODUCTION

PHYSIOLOGY OF SPERMATOGENESIS

MECHANISM FOR IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE FACTORS ON MALE INFERTILITY

LIFESTYLE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MALE INFERTILITY

OBESITY

Impact of Obesity on Fertility and Semen Parameters

Obesity and Androgens

Obesity and Assisted Reproductive Techniques

Other Effects of Obesity on Infertility

DIET

Dietary Patterns

Nutrient Deficiencies and Supplementation

EXERCISE

RECREATIONAL DRUG USE

Tobacco

Alcohol

Cannabis

Exogenous Testosterone

Cocaine

Opioids

Multigenerational Inheritance Implications

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

7 - Obesity, Hypogonadism, and Male Fertility—The Role of Diet and Environment

INTRODUCTION

OBESITY AS A DISEASE

METABOLIC SYNDROME

ADIPOSE TISSUE AS AN ENDOCRINE AND PARACRINE ORGAN

MALE HYPOGONADISM

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGONADISM

WHAT IS THE “NORMAL” TESTOSTERONE LEVEL?

TESTICULAR FAILURE

INFERTILITY

FACTORS AFFECTING MALE FERTILITY

XENOBIOTICS

ALCOHOL

TOBACCO

CAFFEINE

DAIRY PRODUCTS

ILLICIT DRUGS

ANDROGENIC–ANABOLIC STEROIDS

PESTICIDES

PHTHALATES

HEAT

RADIATION

PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS

REFERENCES

8 - Lifestyle Factors and Medical Therapy in the Management of Male Fertility

INTRODUCTION

LIFESTYLE FACTORS

GONADOTROPIN THERAPY

ANTIESTROGEN THERAPY

AROMATASE INHIBITORS

GROWTH HORMONE

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

9 - Yoga Meditation Lifestyle Intervention: Impact on Male Reproductive Health

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, ETIOLOGICAL, AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE INTERVENTION

BURDEN OF MALE INFERTILITY

WHAT CAUSES INFERTILITY?

CONSIDERATIONS OF SEMEN ANALYSIS DURING YOGA-BASED LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION IN INFERTILE MALES

FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF FUTURE SEMEN ANALYSIS DURING YOGA-BASED LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION IN INFERTILE MALES

INTEGRATIVE HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FOR MALE INFERTILITY: FROM EARLY AGES TO MODERN ERA

BASIC CONCEPTS OF YOGA

MAIN TYPES OF YOGA

ANATOMIC AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF YOGA (FIG. 9.1)

YOGA DURING EXPECTANT MANAGEMENT OF MALE INFERTILITY

YOGA INTERVENTION FOR MALE INFERTILITY: MECHANISM OF BENEFITS IN RELATION TO ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS

CELLS

GENETICS AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY

EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS

MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS

DEREGULATED NUTRIENT SENSING

LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

MIND AND BODY

AGE, INFERTILITY, AND YOGA

TAKE HOME MESSAGE

YOGA AS A PROMINENT COMPONENT OF LIFESTYLE INTEGRATIVE HEALTH FOR FERTILITY

REFERENCES

10 - Lifestyle, Environment, and Male Reproductive Health: A Lesson to Learn

INTRODUCTION

ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS

LIFESTYLE FACTORS

OBESITY

SMOKING

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL STRESS

SUBSTANCE ABUSE

OTHER FACTORS

SCROTAL HYPERTHERMIA

CELL PHONE RADIATION

OCCUPATION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

III - Environmental Factors Affecting Male Reproductive Health

11 - Environmental Issues in Maintaining Reproductive Health

INTRODUCTION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

POLLUTION

PHTHALATES

PESTICIDES

PHYTOESTROGENS

CELLULAR PHONES

HEAT EXPOSURE

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

12 - Environmental Contamination and Testicular Function

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

DIOXINS

PHTHALATES

HEAVY METALS (PB, CD, NI, FE, CU)

INSECTICIDES

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION

TYPE OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT

TARGET

TIME OF EXPOSURE

PRENATAL EXPOSURE

Changes in Sex Ratio

Effect on the Genital Malformation and the Epididymis

Disturbance of Neuronal and Behavioral Development

NEONATAL AND PUBERTAL EXPOSURE

POTENTIAL PATHWAYS OF INTAKE

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

13 - Reproductive Health Issues in Latin America: Role of Environment

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND CIGARETTE SMOKE

UNSANITARY WATER SUPPLY

DISEASE VECTORS

HEAT

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

MECHANISMS OF ACTION ON THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

MALE REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES POTENTIALLY LINKED TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

CONGENITAL OUTCOMES

Cryptorchidism

Hypospadias

ADULT AGE OUTCOMES

Male Infertility and Semen Analysis

Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

14 - Adverse Effects of Drugs on Male Reproduction

INTRODUCTION

EXOGENOUS ANDROGENS

PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS

ANALGESICS

5Α-REDUCTASE INHIBITORS

PSYCHOTROPICS

SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS

OTHER PSYCHOTROPICS

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATIONS

ANTIBIOTICS

TREATMENT OF LEUKOCYTOSPERMIA—TETRACYCLINES, MACROLIDES, SULFONAMIDES, FLUOROQUINOLONES

CEPHALOSPORINS, PENICILLINS, AMINOGLYCOSIDES, NITROFURANTOIN

ANTIPARASITICS, ANTITUBERCOLOSIS, ANTIFUNGALS

ANTIVIRALS

IMMUNOMODULATORS

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE TREATMENT

OTHER INFLAMMATORY/HEMATOLOGIC/AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS TREATMENT

ANTACIDS

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

15 - Beneficial or Detrimental Effects of Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) Inhibitors on Semen Quality and Testicular Function?

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL INSIGHTS INTO THE FUNCTION OF PHOSPHODIESTERASES

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND PHOSPHODIESTERASES

THE ROLE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASES IN THE HYDROLYSIS OF CYCLIC GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE IN LEYDIG CELLS, SERTOLI CELLS, TUNICA ALBUGI...

LEYDIG CELLS

SERTOLI CELLS

TUNICA ALBUGINEA, LAMINA PROPRIA, PERITUBULAR CELLS, AND MYOFIBROBLASTS

HYDROLYSIS OF CYCLIC GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE AND EFFECTS OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE-5 INHIBITORS ON MALE ACCESSORY GENITAL GLANDS

EPIDIDYMIS

VAS DEFERENS

SEMINAL VESICLES

PROSTATE

THE INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE-5 INHIBITORS ON STANDARD PARAMETERS OF SEMEN ANALYSIS

IN VIVO STUDIES

MISUSE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE-5 INHIBITORS

IN VITRO STUDIES

THE ROLE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE-5 INHIBITORS ON SPERM CAPACITATION AND ACROSOME REACTION PROCESS

THE ROLE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE-5 INHIBITORS ON SPERM FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

16 - Environmental Issues Resulting in Andropause and Hypogonadism

INTRODUCTION

ANDROPAUSE AND HYPOGONADISM

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND HYPOGONADISM

PESTICIDES

RADIATION

OTHER ISSUES

NICKEL

AIR AND WATER POLLUTION

OBESITY

HUMAN IMMUNE DEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION, ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION, AND SMOKING

NOISE EXPOSURE AND TESTOSTERONE DEFICIENCY

TOBACCO AND METABOLIC SYNDROME

MULTIFARIOUS ISSUES

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

IV - Mechanistic Approaches to Environmental Issues

17 - Androgen Receptor Modulators: The Impact of Environment and Lifestyle Choices on Reproduction

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS

ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS

Agricultural Chemicals

Industrial Chemicals

PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS

Anabolic Steroids

Chemotherapeutic Agents

BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Hyperthermia

Chronic Infection/Inflammation

Aging

SOCIAL FACTORS

Alcohol Consumption

Tobacco Smoking

Marijuana

ASSESSMENT OF ANDROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

18 - Heavy Metal Toxicity Affecting Fertility and Reproduction of Males

INTRODUCTION

ESSENTIAL HEAVY METALS

SOURCES OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION

BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS

HAZARDS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION

TOXICITY OF HEAVY METALS

HEAVY METALS AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

HEAVY METALS AND FERTILITY

HEAVY METALS AND MALE FERTILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO HEAVY METALS AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN MEN

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

19 - Environmental Toxicants–Induced Male Reproductive Toxicity: Role of Oxidative Stress

INTRODUCTION

OXIDATIVE STRESS

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

HEAVY METALS

DRUGS AND PHYTOESTROGENS

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS

EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

HOW TOXICANTS CAUSE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS?

MEASUREMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS

OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

OXIDATIVE STRESS, TOXICITY, AND DNA DAMAGE

OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

20 - Role of Environmental Toxicants in Sperm Autophagy, Mitophagy, and Apoptosis

INTRODUCTION

AUTOPHAGY, THE CELL’S ESSENTIAL RECYCLING MECHANISM

THREE TYPES OF AUTOPHAGY

STEPS INVOLVED IN MACROAUTOPHAGY

MITOPHAGY

INTERPLAY BETWEEN AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS

ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN APOPTOSIS

ROLE OF AUTOPHAGY/MITOPHAGY IN REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS

REFERENCES

21 - Impact of Environmental Factors on the Genomics and Proteomics Landscapes of Male Infertility

INTRODUCTION

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENT IN AFFECTING FERTILITY POTENTIAL IN HUMANS

MANIFESTATION OF CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENT AND MALE INFERTILITY

COMMON CHEMICALS AFFECTING MALE FERTILITY

GENOMIC EVALUATION OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

Environmental Factors, Genes, and Male Infertility

Detoxification Genes and Male Infertility

Epigenetics of Male Infertility

Endocrine Disrupters and Male Reproductive Health

PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

Experimental Approaches

Posttranslational Modifications

Phosphorylation

Ubiquitination

Bioinformatics Tools to Evaluate Differentially Expressed Proteins

Proteomic Databases

Interpretation of Proteomics Results

Toxicoproteomics

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

V - Laboratory Aspects in the Evaluation of Male Reproductive Function

22 - Role of Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay Technology in Evaluating Sperm DNA Damage Due to Environmental Influences

INTRODUCTION

SPERM CHROMATIN STRUCTURE ASSAY TEST AND SPERM DNA FRAGMENTATION

What Is Sperm DNA Fragmentation?

What Is the Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay Test?

The Power of the Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay Test Is Attributed to Two Main Factors

Acridine Orange DNA Stain

Flow Cytometry

Repeatability of Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay Data

Within Human Donors Over Time

Within Patients Over Time

Between International Laboratories

SPERM CHROMATIN STRUCTURE ASSAY DATA ARE PREDICTIVE OF MALE INFERTILITY BY NATURAL, INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION, IN VITRO FERTILIZ...

Pioneer Male Factor Fertility Study

In Vivo Fertility

Assisted Reproductive Technique Patients

Intrauterine Insemination

In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

SPERM CHROMATIN STRUCTURE ASSAY–DEFINED ETIOLOGIES OF INCREASED DNA FRAGMENTATION INDEX

Air Pollution

Genetics

Environmental Heat

Medications

Industrial Chemicals

Pesticides

Age of Men and Increased Sperm DNA Fragmentation

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

23 - Standardized Semen Analysis and Quality Control Management for Multicenter Male Reproductive Toxicology Clinical Trials

INTRODUCTION

EVALUATION OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE

ROUTINE SEMEN ANALYSIS

Macroscopic Examination of Semen

Microscopic Examination of Semen

Liquefaction

Sperm Agglutination and Aggregation

Sperm Motility Assessment

Sperm Concentration Assessment

Total Sperm Count

Sperm Morphology

Why Is Sperm Morphology So Difficult to Standardize and Quantify?

Seminal Leukocytes

Computer-Aided Semen Analysis

Semen Parameter Reference Values

Semen Analysis Variability and Quality Control Management

External Quality Assurance

ENDOCRINE EVALUATION

STANDARDIZED SEMEN ANALYSIS TRAINING FOR MULTICENTER TESTICULAR TOXICITY STUDIES

DRUG STUDY DESIGN GUIDELINES

TULANE ANDROLOGY SEMEN ANALYSIS TRAINING PROGRAM AND QUALITY CONTROL MANAGEMENT

REGULATORY ASPECTS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

B - Men’s Sexual Health

VI - Biology of Male Sexual Function and Environment

24 - Components of Erection and Ejaculation as the Potential Target Systems for Environmental Toxicants

INTRODUCTION

PHYSIOLOGY OF ERECTION AND EJACULATION

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ERECTILE AND EJACULATORY DISORDERS

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

OBSERVATIONAL DATA

Case Series

Population-Based Studies

Disease Correlates

CLINICAL DATA

EXPERIMENTAL DATA

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

25 - Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Penile Tissue Development, Histoarchitecture, and Erectile Physiology

INTRODUCTION

ERECTILE PHYSIOLOGY

ROLE OF ANDROGEN HORMONES IN PENILE TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND THE IMPACT OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION ON PENILE HISTOARCHITECTURE

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION BY ESTROGENS OF PENILE DEVELOPMENT AND TISSUE HISTOARCHITECTURE

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF PENILE TISSUE ARCHITECTURE BY BISPHENOL A CONTRIBUTES TO ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN THE ADULT

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION OF PENILE TISSUE ARCHITECTURE BY TRICHLOROBIPHENYLS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

26 - Penile Fibrogenesis Affecting Men’s Reproductive and Sexual Health: Role of Age and Environmental Factors

INTRODUCTION

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PENILE ERECTION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AGE-RELATED ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

ROLE OF PENILE BLOOD FLOW IN ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

ROLE OF PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES IN ERECTILE FUNCTION

PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES

ROLE OF PENILE FIBROSIS IN AGE-RELATED ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

MOLECULAR BASIS OF PENILE FIBROSIS AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

MECHANISM OF PENILE FIBROSIS AND ITS IMPACT ON PENILE HEMODYNAMICS

NOVEL STRATEGIES TO PREVENT PENILE FIBROSIS AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

REHABILITATION OF THE PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES IN ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

27 - The Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction and the Role of Environment—Current Updates

INTRODUCTION

TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

ALCOHOL

CIGARETTE SMOKING AND SECONDHAND SMOKE

AGRICULTURAL EXPOSURES

LEAD

BISPHENOL A

4,4′-DIAMINOSTILBENE-2,2′-DISULFONIC ACID

ARSENIC

MARIJUANA

APHRODISIACS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

VII - Environmental Issues Affecting Male Sexual Function

28 - Environment, Drugs, and Chemical Exposures in the Realm of Human Sexuality

INTRODUCTION

ENVIRONMENT AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

PHYSICAL/MEDICAL RISK FACTORS

Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension

Penile Trauma and Pain

Diabetes

Arthritis, Allergy, and Ulcers

PHYSIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS

Vasculopathy (Cardiovascular Risk Factors)

Neuropathy (Nervous System Disorders)

Myopathy (Smooth Muscle and Connective Tissue Changes)

Endocrinopathy (Hormone Levels)

PSYCHOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL RISK FACTORS

Anger

Depression

Emotional and Low Dominance Situations

DRUGS AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

ANTIHYPERTENSIVES

VASODILATORS

MOOD-ALTERING DRUGS

DEPRESSION AND RELATED DRUGS

CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

RECREATIONAL AGENTS

Marijuana

Tobacco

Alcohol

Street Drugs

INDUSTRIAL AGENTS

Heavy Metals

Organic Chemicals

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

SEXUAL STIMULANTS

Herbal

Phytoproducts

Antioxidants

Pheromones

BEYOND VIRILITY, A NEW VISION IN THE REALM OF SEXUALITY

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

29 - Role of Risk Factors Such as Smoking, Alcohol, and Substance Abuse on Sexual Health of Brazilian Men

INTRODUCTION

SMOKING

ALCOHOL

ENTERTAINMENT DRUGS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

30 - Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Men’s Reproductive and Sexual Health

INTRODUCTION

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AND PRODUCTION VARIABILITIES

VAPOR TOXICITY OF ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF FORMALDEHYDE

SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF NICOTINE

TOXIC REMNANT OF CIGARETTE IN SECONDHAND

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

31 - The Influences of Diet, Supplements, and Environmental Stressors on Erectile Function

INTRODUCTION

STRESS AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

DIET

MEDITERRANEAN DIET

FLAVONOID

L-CITRULLINE

RESVERATROL

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

32 - Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment Affecting Erectile Function

INTRODUCTION

WHAT ARE ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS/CHEMICALS?

ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS/CHEMICALS AND PHTHALATES

LEYDIG/SERTOLI CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND PHTHALATES THAT AFFECT THEM

PHTHALATES AND HUMANS

PHTHALATES AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

VIII - Regulatoryand Other Issues Involving Environment Affecting OverallMale Reproductive Health

33 - Environmental Health Policy Regarding Men’s Reproductive and Sexual Health

INTRODUCTION

IMPACT OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON UROLOGICAL DISEASE IN THE UNITED STATES

MALE FERTILITY

UROGENITAL TRACT MALFORMATIONS

CANCER

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH POLICY

BISPHENOL A AND OTHER ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS

BIOMONITORING

HEALTH POLICY

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY REGULATION OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

34 - Drugs of Abuse: Men’s Reproductive and Sexual Health

INTRODUCTION

SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

SMOKING

ALCOHOL

OPIOIDS

AMPHETAMINES

MARIJUANA

COCAINE

STEROIDS

INFERTILITY

SMOKING

ALCOHOL

CANNABIS

OPIOIDS

COCAINE

STEROIDS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

35 - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Its Effects on Men’s Sexual and Reproductive Health

INTRODUCTION

BIOLOGY OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

EPIDEMIOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND ETIOLOGIES OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

IMPACT ON SEXUAL HEALTH

SEXUAL DESIRE AND AROUSAL

SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

IMPACT ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

36 - Perfumery, Essential Oils, and Household Chemicals Affecting Reproductive and Sexual Health

INTRODUCTION

ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

INCENSE AND FRAGRANCES

ESSENTIAL OILS

Vetiver Oil

Ferula hermonis Oil

Artemisia annua Oil

Aegle marmelos

Ocimum sanctum (Also Known as Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tulsi)

Cistaceae

Juniperus Species

Boswellia Species

Sandalwood (Santalum album)

Musks

OTHER PLANT EXTRACTS AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

Peganum Harmala

Orchis anatolica (Orchids)

Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Tree)

Mahua Oil (Madhuca latifolia)

Rosmarinus officinalis

Feronia limonia (Feronia elephantum)

Salvadora persica (Miswak)

COMMON HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS

Scented Candles and Their Effects

Phthalate

REFERENCES

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

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