Chapter
1.2.1.3 Materials for esthetics
1.2.1.4 Materials for caries filling
1.2.2 Orthopedic applications
1.2.2.2 Zirconia (3Y-TZP)
1.2.2.4 Materials in development
1.2.3 Ceramics for bone repair
1.2.3.1 Sintered calcium orthophosphates
1.2.3.3 Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics
1.2.3.4 Ceramic-polymer composites
2 Types of ceramics: Material class
2.1.2.1 Pure and substituted HA and related apatite compounds
Well-crystallized apatites
2.1.2.2 Associations with other inorganic compounds
Biphasic HA/β-TCP and related mixtures
Inorganic cement formulations
2.1.2.3 Organic/inorganic composites
2.1.2.4 CaPs for drug delivery systems
2.1.3 Other bioactive oxides
2.1.3.1 Calcium carbonates
2.2 Inert oxides and composites
2.2.4 Alumina–zirconia composites
2.2.5 Further developments
2.3.1 Silicon nitride: an introduction
2.3.1.1 Emergence of silicon nitride as a biomedical material
2.5 Glass ceramics and bioactive glass ceramics
2.6 Glass-ionomer cements
2.6.2 The chemistry of GICs
2.6.3 Glass compositions to form GICs
2.6.3.1 Aluminosilicate glasses
2.6.3.2 Aluminoborate glasses
2.6.3.3 Zinc silicate glasses
2.6.4 Key factors affecting the properties of GICs
2.6.4.1 Al2O3/SiO2 ratio in the glass
2.6.4.2 Phosphorus content in the glass
2.6.4.3 F− content in the glass
2.6.4.4 Na+ content in the glass
2.6.5 Fluoride release and recharge ability
2.6.6 Antimicrobial effectiveness
2.7 Magnetic ceramic materials in medicine
3 Assessment of mechanical properties of ceramic materials
3.1 Introduction to mechanical properties
3.1.2 Fracture of ceramics
3.1.3 Weibull statistics of the strength
3.1.4 Subcritical crack growth
3.1.5 KIC and curve R-behavior of ceramics
3.1.6 Mechanisms of increase in fracture toughness
3.2 Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics
3.3 Calcium phosphates (CaP) and CaP composites
3.4 Calcium phosphate cements
3.5 Structural bioinert ceramics
4 Biological assessment of bioceramics
4.2 Regulations and international standard organization rules
4.3 In vitro and in vivo tests
4.3.1.1 Ames test (OECD test Guideline 471)
4.3.1.2 Micronucleus assay (MN, OECD test Guideline 487)
4.3.3 In vivo evaluation of biocompatibility
4.3.4 Pathological models
4.3.5 Advanced preclinical in vitro models
4.3.5.1 Co-culture in vitro models
Osteoblasts/osteoclasts/endothelial cells
Osteoblasts/chondrocytes differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells
4.3.5.2 Three-dimensional models
II. Bioceramics on the Market: Issues and Perspectives
5 Ceramics for joint replacement: Design and application of commercial bearings
5.2 Development of ceramics for joint replacements
5.2.1.3 Alumina–zirconia composites
5.2.2 Nonoxide bioceramics
5.3 Requirements of ceramics in joint replacements
5.3.1 Application of ceramics in hip replacements
5.3.1.1 Design of ceramic bearings
5.3.1.2 Hard-on-hard bearings
5.3.1.3 Hard-on-soft bearings with ceramic heads
5.3.2 Applications of ceramic in knee replacements
5.3.3 Application of load-bearing ceramics in other joints
5.4 Ceramic coatings in joint replacements
5.4.2 Zirconium dioxide coatings
5.4.3 Diamond-like carbon coatings
5.5 Commercial ceramics for joint replacements bearings
5.5.8 Morgan advanced ceramics
5.5.9 Signal medical corp
6 Ceramics for dentistry: Commercial devices and their clinical analysis
6.2 Dental applications of load-bearing ceramics
6.2.1 Blanks for the CAD/CAM technology system
6.2.2.1 Biomechanical properties of zirconia implants
6.2.2.2 Biocompatibiliy of zirconia implants
6.2.2.3 In vivo behavior of the main zirconia implant systems
Goei implants (Goei Industry, Akitsu-Hiroshima, Japan)
Z-systems AG, Konstanz, Germany
BIO-HIP Metoxit AG, Thayngen, Switzerland
CeraRoot-Oral Iceberg Barcelona, Spain
ZERAMEX T Implants system (Dentalpoint AG, Zurich, Switzerland)
Fracture strength of zirconia endodonic posts
Retentive strength of zirconia endodonic posts
Bond strength of zirconia post to core
Clinical studies of zirconia endodonic posts
6.2.3.2 Ceramic implant abutments
Zirconia abutments strength
Bacterial adherence and response of the tissues
6.3 Commercial load-bearing ceramics: a comparative analysis
6.3.1.1 Fully sintered polycrystalline alumina ceramics
6.3.1.2 Fully sintered polycrystalline zirconia ceramics
6.3.2.1 Reinforced glass ceramics
Leucite reinforced glass ceramics (SiO2-Al2O3-K2O)
Lithium disilicate glass ceramics (SiO2-Li2O-K2O)
6.3.2.2 Glass-infiltrated ceramics
6.3.3 Load-bearing polymer–ceramic composites
7 Ceramics for bone replacement: Commercial products and clinical use
7.2 Bone substitutes of human and animal origin
7.3 Bone substitutes of nonanimal biological origin: Ceramics from corals
7.4 Calcium orthophosphates of synthetic origin
7.5 Bioactive glasses and glass ceramics
7.7 Moldable and injectable ceramic-based cements
7.8 Conclusions and outlook
8 Ceramic devices for bone regeneration: Mechanical and clinical issues and new perspectives
8.2 The origins of failure
8.2.1 Biology of bone healing
8.2.2 Current biomaterials, osteogenic substances, and surgical procedures
8.2.3 Mechanical properties of CaP ceramics: a misconception?
8.2.3.1 Mechanical properties of scaffolds
8.2.3.2 Mechanical properties of new forming bone
8.3 Rationale for the development of implant-based tissue engineering strategies
8.3.1 From research to clinic: issues
8.3.3 CaP bioceramics: choosing material features for specific clinical applications
8.3.3.1 Composition of CaP bioceramics
8.3.3.2 Architectural features of the scaffold
9 Clinical issues of ceramic devices used in total hip arthroplasty
9.2 Ceramics as orthopedic medical devices: Advantages and disadvantages
9.3 Technical issues and surgical aspects
9.4 In vitro performance and in vivo failure analysis
9.5 Challenges and future trends
III. Engineering and Challenges of New Ceramics for Medical Devices
10 Design of ceramic materials for orthopedic devices
10.1.1 From a retrospect to the current state-of-the-art
10.1.2 New developments: oxides
10.1.3 New developments: nonoxides
10.2.1 Coatings with biocompatible ceramics
10.2.2 Carbon based coatings
10.2.2.1 Diamond-like carbon films
10.2.2.2 Nano-crystalline diamond
10.2.2.3 Pyrolytic carbon
10.2.3 Carbide and nitride thin films and surfaces
10.2.3.1 Surface oxidized zirconium
10.2.3.2 Oxidized titanium
10.3 Conclusions and perspectives
11 Design and development of dental ceramics: Examples of current innovations and future concepts
11.2 Requirements for dental ceramic materials
11.3 The use and key advantages of zirconia as a dental material
11.4 Design and development of strong, tough, and stable ZrO2-based dental materials
11.5 Bio-inspired design of dental ceramics
11.6 Dental tissue regeneration: advanced materials and technologies
12 Patient-specific design of tissue engineering scaffolds, based on mathematical modeling
12.1.1 Patient-specific design—definition and implied requirements
12.1.2 Measurements and observations are not enough
12.1.3 Integration of experimental, clinical, and computational approaches
12.2 Overview of mathematical models in bone tissue engineering
12.3 Utilization of mathematical models for patient-specific scaffold design
12.3.1 X-ray physics-based analysis of CT data
12.3.2 Prediction of bone regeneration based on mathematical modeling
12.4 Conclusions and outlook
13 Tissue engineering and biomimetics with bioceramics
13.2 Multisubstituted apatites
13.2.1 Superparamagnetic HA nanoparticles
13.3 Apatitic, self-setting bone cements
13.4 Multifunctional, biohybrid scaffold obtained by bioinspired assembling/mineralization process
13.5 Porous bioceramics with hierarchical structure obtained by biomorphic transformation of natural structures
13.6 Conclusions and future perspectives
14 Advanced processing techniques for customized ceramic medical devices
14.2 Additive manufacturing: towards automization of customized organ fabrication
14.2.1 Overview of AM of ceramics
14.2.2 Powder-based technologies
14.2.3 Slurry extrusion-based techniques
14.2.5 Indirect additive manufacturing
14.2.6 Critical role of 3D geometrical features of pores in scaffolds
14.3 Freeze-templating: towards biomimetic architectured ceramics
14.4 Bioreactors and 3D cell culture techniques
14.4.1 3D dynamic cell cultures and bioreactors
14.4.1.2 Rotating vessels
14.4.2 Features to take into consideration: decisional chart and parameters to standardize
Advances in Ceramic Biomaterials
：Materials, Devices and Challenges
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