Chapter
1.6.2. Thermal properties
1.6.3. Electrical and optical properties
1.7. Theories and simulating models for polymer nanocomposite
1.8. Green and sustainable polymer nanocomposites
Chapter 2: Preparation and properties of nanopolymer advanced composites: A review
2.1.1. Nanoscience and nanotechnology
2.2. Nanopolymer composites (NPC)
2.3. Nanopolymer fiber reinforced composites (NPFRC)
2.4. Nanopolymer fiber reinforced sandwich composites (NPFRSC)
2.5. Nanopolymer natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites
2.6. Nanoparticle reinforced thermoplastic composites
2.7. Nanoparticle reinforced recycled thermoplastic composites
2.8. Conclusions and summary of research findings
Chapter 3: Nanoclay and polymer-based nanocomposites: Materials for energy efficiency
3.2. Phase change materials
3.2.2. Classification of PCM
3.2.3. Measurement techniques
3.2.3.1. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
3.2.3.2. Differential thermal analysis (DTA)
3.2.3.3. T-history method
3.2.3.4. Thermal stability analysis of PCMs
3.3. PCM building applications and incorporations methods
3.3.1. Direct incorporation
3.3.3. Encapsulation techniques
3.3.3.1. Macro-encapsulation
3.3.3.2. Micro-encapsulation
3.3.4. Shape-stabilized PCM
3.3.5. Form-stable composite PCM
3.4. PCMs building applications
3.4.1. PCM enhanced wallboards
3.4.2. PCM enhanced concrete
3.5.1. Structures and types of nanoclay
3.5.2. Nanoclays purifications and modification methods
3.5.3. Nanoclays incorporation in PCM materials
3.5.3.1. Halloysite as supporting material for PCM
3.5.3.2. Kaolinite as supporting material for PCM
3.5.3.3. Vermiculite as supporting material for PCM
3.5.3.4. Montmorillonite as supporting material for PCM
3.6. Clay nanocomposites polymer foams
3.6.1. Processing of polymer nanocomposites foams
3.6.2. Structure of polymer nanocomposites foams
Chapter 4: Energy and environmental applications of graphene and its derivatives
4.2.1. Graphene synthesis and structure
4.2.2. Graphene properties
4.3. Graphene applications
4.4. Energy conversion and storage
4.4.1. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs)
4.4.2. Sodium-ion batteries
4.5. Environmental and electrochemical sensing
4.5.1. Heavy metal ions detection
4.6. Chemical/biosensor applications
4.8. Graphite composites or GBMs
Chapter 5: Polymer-based nanocomposites for significantly enhanced dielectric properties and energy storage capability
5.1.2. Dielectrics and the energy storage capability
5.2. Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics
5.2.1. Nature of the filler and the polymer
5.2.2. Polarization phenomena
5.2.4. Dielectric breakdown phenomena in polymers
5.2.4.1. Breakdown behavior in polymer nanocomposites
5.2.5. Role of interfaces in the polymer nanocomposites
5.2.6. Predicting enhanced permittivity of polymer nanocomposites: Theoretical models
5.2.6.1. Lichtenker's formula
5.2.6.2. Maxwell-Garnett equation
5.2.6.3. Bruggeman self-consistent effective medium approximation
5.2.6.4. Percolation theory
Relevance of percolation in polymer nanocomposites
5.3. Various types of novel dielectric polymer nanocomposites
5.3.1. Polyvinylidene flouride
5.3.2. PVDF based nanocomposites
5.3.2.1. Polymer nanocomposites based on non-conducting fillers
Two-phase composites based on spherical fillers
5.3.2.2. Polymer nanocomposites based on conducting fillers
Two-phase composites based on spherical fillers
Two-phase composites based on one-dimensional fillers
Two-phase composites and shape of fillers
5.3.3. Titania-based polymer nanocomposites
5.3.4. Biopolymer cellulose
5.3.5. MoS2 nanosheet superstructures
5.3.6. PVA based nanocomposites
5.4. Grafting techniques: Methods for synthesis of polymer nanocomposites
5.5. Role of anchoring groups
5.6. Core shell polymer nanocomposites
5.6.1. Core-shell nanocomposites synthesized by the ``grafting from´´ route
5.6.2. Core-shell nanoparticles synthesized by the ``grafting-to´´ method
Chapter 6: Polymer-based nanocomposites for energy and environmental applications
6.2. Polymer-based nanocomposites for energy storage applications
6.2.1. Energy storage mechanism in supercapacitors and batteries
6.2.2. Polypyrrole (PPys) NCs
6.2.3. Polythiophenes (PTs) NCs
6.2.4. Polyanilines (PANIs) NCs
6.3. Polymer-based nanocomposites for environmental applications
6.3.1. Catalytic and redox degradations of pollutants
6.3.2. Adsorption of contaminants
6.4. Conclusions and future prospects
Chapter 7: Polymer nanocomposites for sensor devices
7.1.1. Polymer nanocomposites
7.1.3. Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) as ideal sensor
7.2. Methods of synthesis of nanocomposites
7.2.2. Solution casting technique
7.2.3. Melt mixing technique
7.3. Brief description about synthesis of nanostructured polymers for sensor devices
7.3.1. Synthesis of nanostructure polymers for gas sensors
7.4.1. Development of the biosensor
7.4.2. Development of the flexible pressure sensor
7.5. PNCs for sensor applications
7.5.1. Polyurathene based nanocomposites
7.5.2. Poly(2-phenyl-1,4-xylylene) (PPPX) based nanocomposites
7.5.3. PANI based nanocomposites
7.5.4. Polypyrole based nanocomposites
7.5.5. PMMA based nanocomposites
7.5.6. Natural oil based polymer based sensor
Chapter 8: Polyaniline-based nanocomposites for hydrogen storage
8.2. Polyaniline (PANI) for hydrogen storage
8.2.3. Activated porous PANI
8.3. PANI-based nanocomposites for hydrogen storage
8.3.1. PANI-metal nanocomposites
8.3.2. PANI-carbon nanocomposites
8.3.3. PANI-metal oxide nanocomposites
Chapter 9: Polymer nanocomposite materials in energy storage: Properties and applications
9.2. Polymer nanocomposites
9.3. Applications of PNCs for energy storage devices
9.3.1. Lithium (Li) ion batteries
9.3.1.1. PNCs as electrolyte for the Li ion batteries
9.3.1.2. PNCs as cathode material for the Li ion batteries
9.3.1.3. PNCs as anode material for the Li ion batteries
9.3.2. PNCs based materials for supercapacitors
9.3.3. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
9.4. Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 10: Polymer nanocomposites for lithium battery applications
10.2. Composite electrolytes and separators
10.2.1.2. Naturally-sourced materials
10.2.1.3. Porous materials
10.3. Composites electrodes
10.4. Innovative applications
10.5. Conclusions and outlook
Chapter 11: Modification of polymer nanocomposites and significance of ionic liquid for supercapacitor application
11.2. Polymer nanocomposite
11.2.2. Chemical structure
11.2.3. Physical, thermal, mechanical properties
11.3. Environmental aspects of polymer nanocomposite
11.5. Graphene based polymer nanocomposite
11.5.1. Invention of graphene polymer nanocomposite
11.7. Characterization of supercapacitors
11.7.1. Electric double layer supercapacitor
11.7.2. Faradaic supercapacitor
11.8. Role of electrodes in supercapacitors
11.8.1. Transition metal oxides
11.8.2. Conducting polymers
11.8.3.1. Carbon nanotubes
11.8.3.2. Graphene based electrodes for supercapacitors
11.9.1. Aqueous electrolyte
11.9.2. Non-aqueous electrolyte
11.10. Significance of ionic liquids in supercapacitors
11.11. Applications of ionic liquids in graphene based supercapacitors
11.12. Function of ionic liquids as electrolyte for carbon nanotube supercapacitors
Chapter 12: Nanofibrous composites for sodium-ion batteries
12.1.1. Energy storage devices
12.1.1.1. Sodium ion batteries
12.1.1.2. Mechanism of sodium ion batteries
12.1.2.1. Nanofiber structures and production methods
12.2. Nanofibrous constituents for NIB
12.2.1. Nanofibrous anodes
12.2.2. Nanofibrous cathodes
12.3. Discussion and future perspectives
Chapter 13: Polymer nanocomposites for dye-sensitized solar cells
13.2. Dye-sensitized solar cell
13.2.1. Energy harvesting mechanism of DSCs
13.2.2. Polymeric structures in DSC
13.2.2.2. Photoelectrodes
New film formation/transfer methods
13.2.2.3. Counter electrodes
Carbon-based flexible CEs
Conductive polymers based CEs
Chapter 14: Development of polymer nanocomposites using cellulose/silver for antifouling applications: A preliminary inve ...
14.2. Materials and methods
14.2.1. Qualitative determination of biofilm
14.2.1.1. The tube method
14.2.2. Liquid interface cover slip assay
14.2.3. Preparation of silver nanoparticle-coated cellulose composite films
14.2.4. Quantitative crystal violet-binding assay for biofilm detection by the TCP method
14.2.5. Microscopic examination of nanocoated polymers
14.3. Results and discussion
14.3.1. Qualitative conformation of biofilm formation
14.3.2. The cover slip assay for biofilm detection
14.3.3. Preparation of cellulose/silver-coated polymer nanocomposite films
14.3.4. Quantitative crystal violet-binding assay for biofilm detection by the TCP method
14.3.5. Spectrophotometric analysis
14.3.6. SEM analysis of antifouling samples
14.3.7. Bacterial reduction count by antifouling sample
Chapter 15: Nanocomposite membrane for environmental remediation
15.2. Carbon nanofiber membrane
15.3. Nanocatalysts for oxidation of pollutants
15.3.1.1. Nanomaterials as photocatalysts
15.4. Nanomembrane combined with biodegradable poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)
15.5. Nanofiltration membrane bioreactor
15.6. Nanofiltration with forward osmosis
15.7. Nanomembrane prepared from coating γ-alumina and titania nanocrystallites
15.8. Nanoporous membrane filtration
15.8.1. Sorts of nanoporous membranes
15.9. Nanostructured polymer-based membrane
15.10. Sodium titanate nanobelt membrane (Na-TNB)
15.11. Integrated CNT polymer composite membrane with polyvinyl alcohol layer
15.12. ZrO2 microfiltration membrane
Chapter 16: Interplay of polymer bionanocomposites and significance of ionic liquids for heavy metal removal
16.1.1. Biosorption for removal of heavy metal ions
16.1.2. Why bionanocomposites as adsorbents for heavy metal ions?
16.1.3. Bionanocomposites for water treatment: State-of-the-art
16.2. Preparations of bionanocomposites
16.2.1. Cellulose nanocrystals isolated from cellulose sludge
16.2.2. CNF isolated from cellulose sludge
16.2.3. Cellulose nanocrystals isolated from the bioethanol production process
16.2.4. Chitin nanocrystals from carb shell residue
16.3. Preparations of surface modified bionanocomposites
16.3.1. TEMPO (2,2,6,6, tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy)-mediated oxidation
16.3.2. Enzymatic phosphorylation
16.4. Characterization techniques
16.4.4. Specific surface area
16.4.6. Adsorption isotherm
16.5. Bionanocomposites for heavy metal removal
16.5.1. Chitosan based bionanocomposites
16.5.1.1. Chitosan/ceramic alumina composites
16.5.1.2. Chitosan/perlite composites
16.5.1.3. Chitosan/magnetite composites
16.5.1.4. Chitosan/cotton fiber composites
16.5.1.5. Chitosan/sand composites
16.5.1.6. Chitosan/montmorillonite composites
16.5.1.7. Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composites
16.5.1.8. Chitosan/polyvinyl chloride composites
16.5.1.9. Chitosan/calcium alginate composites
16.5.1.10. Chitosan/bentonite composites
16.5.2. Cellulose based bionanocomposites
16.5.2.1. Micro fibrillated cellulose
16.5.2.2. Cellulose nanofibers
16.5.2.3. Cellulose nanocrystals
16.5.2.4. Nanocellulose-based materials for water treatment
16.5.2.5. Cellulose-based nanocomposites for water treatment
16.5.3. Chitin based bionanocomposite
16.6. Removal of heavy metals using ILs
Chapter 17: Polypyrrole-based nanocomposite adsorbents and its application in removal of radioactive materials
17.2. Conducting polymer-polypyrrole
17.3. Synthesis of polypyrrole
17.4. Chemical polymerization of pyrrole
17.5. Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole
17.6. Difference between the chemical and electrochemical polymerization methods
17.7. Fabrication of polypyrrole-based nanocomposites
17.7.1. In situ polymerization method
17.7.2. Melt blending (compounding) method
17.7.3. Solution mixing method
17.7.4. Intercalation method
17.7.5. Other demonstrated methods
17.8. Characterization of polypyrrole-based nanocomposite adsorbents
17.9. Application of polypyrrole and polypyrrole-based nanocomposites for uptake of radiocations
17.10. Adsorption by polypyrrle-surfactants/metal oxide nanoparticle adsorbents
17.11. Adsorption by polypyrrole-zeolite/clay nanocomposite adsorbents
17.12. Adsorption by polypyrrole-agricultural/biological/industrial-based nanocomposite adsorbents
17.13. Adsorption by polypyrrole-graphene-oxide/carbon-based adsorbents
17.14. Adsorption by copolymer nanofiber adsorbents
17.15. Summary and future outlook
Chapter 18: Polymer nanocomposite application in sorption processes for removal of environmental contaminants
18.2. Polymer nanocomposites
18.2.1.1. Direct compounding
18.2.1.2. In situ synthesis
18.2.1.3. Template synthesis
18.2.1.4. Phase separation
18.2.1.6. Electrospinning
18.2.2. Application of PNC in sorption processes for removal of environmental contaminants
18.2.2.1. Adsorption of pollutants
(Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) removal
18.3. Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 19: Hybrid materials based on polymer nanocomposites for environmental applications
19.2. Preparation and characterization of hybrid composites
19.2.1. Types of hybrid composites
19.2.1.1. Polymer-matrix composite
19.2.1.2. Composite nanomaterials
19.2.2. Preparation of hybrid composites
19.2.2.1. Dispersion method
19.2.2.2. Surface-modified method
19.2.2.3. Bilayer nanocomposite
19.2.2.4. Ligand exchange reaction
19.2.2.5. Covalently bonded route
19.2.2.6. In situ polymerization
19.2.3. Characterization methods
19.2.3.1. Morphological study
19.2.3.2. Spectroscopic analysis
19.3. Hybrid composites for environmental applications
19.3.1. Environment protection issues
19.3.1.1. Composites used in pollution treatment
Hybrid conjugated polymer/metal oxide nanocomposites
Other hybrid conjugated polymer-based nanocomposites
19.3.1.2. Composites used in heavy metal removal
19.3.2. Energy and environment issues
19.3.2.1. Hybrid nanocomposites for solar cells
Operating principle and performance of solar cells
Approaches to improve solar cell performance
19.3.2.2. Hybrid nanocomposites for energy storage
Working principle and performance of LIBs
19.3.2.3. Hybrid nanocomposites for energy savings
Operating principle and performance of organic light emitting diodes
Use of OLEDs for lighting
Chapter 20: Nanofibrous composite air filters
20.2. Nanofibrous air filters: Structure-process-property
20.2.3. Reuse and cleanability
20.3. Production methods of nanofibrous composite air filters
20.3.1. Nanofibrous composite air filter production by electrospinning
20.3.2. Nanofibrous composite air filters via nonelectro fiber spinning techniques
20.4. Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 21: Polymer nanocomposites for water treatments
21.3. Methods of water purification
21.5. Polymer nanocomposites-Promising materials for water treatment
21.5.4. Modified electrode for electrochemical treatment
21.6.1. Removal of heavy metals
21.6.2. Removal of organic pollutants
21.6.3. Removal of biological pollutants
21.6.4. Removal of radionucleides
21.7. Photocatalytic degradation of contaminants
21.8. Efficacy of polymer nanocomposites compared to conventional methods
21.9. Recycling and recovery of polymer nanocomposites
21.10. Toxicity of polymer nanocomposites
21.11. Conclusions and future prospects
Chapter 22: Recent advances in polyaniline-based nanocomposites as potential adsorbents for trace metal ions
22.2. Polyaniline nanocomposites for the treatment of wastewaters
22.2.1. Polyaniline nanocomposites used as an adsorbents
22.2.2. Polyaniline nanocomposites used as an ion-exchanger
22.3. Application of polyaniline nanocomposites
22.4. Summary and future prospects
Chapter 23: Green polymer nanocomposites and their environmental applications
23.2. Processing methods for polymer nanocomposites
23.2.1. Melt intercalation
23.2.2. Exfoliation adsorption
23.2.3. Emulsion polymerization
23.2.4. In situ polymerization
23.2.5. Template synthesis
23.2.6. Nontraditional methods
23.3. Different types of green polymer nanocomposites
23.3.1. Polylactic acid (PLA)-based green nanocomposites
23.3.2. Biopolyester-based green composites
23.3.3. Starch-based nanocomposites
23.3.4. Cellulose-based nanocomposites
23.3.5. Chitosan-based nanocomposites
23.3.6. Protein-based nanocomposites
23.3.7. Lipid-based nanocomposites
23.4. Applications of green polymer nanocomposites
23.4.1. Biomedical applications
23.4.2. Tissue engineering
23.4.4. Food preservation
Chapter 24: Carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites for wind turbine applications
24.2. CNT based nanocomposites for wind turbine applications
24.2.1. Fatigue resistance
24.2.2. Fracture toughness
24.2.3. Electrostatic properties
24.3. Alternative nanocomposites for CNT-based composites
24.3.2. Cellulose nanocrystals
24.3.3. Silica nanoparticles
24.4. Nanocomposite coating for wind turbine blades
24.5. Conclusions and future perspectives
Polymer-based Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications
( Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering )
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