Front Cover

Bioactive Seaweeds for Food Applications

Bioactive Seaweeds for Food Applications: Natural Ingredients for Healthy Diets

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

Editor Description

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 - Seaweed Bio-Resources and Bioactive Seaweed Substances

1 - Seaweed Bioresources

1.1 Marine Biomass

1.2 Marine Algae

1.3 Seaweeds

1.3.1 Brown Seaweeds

1.3.2 Red Seaweeds

1.3.2.1 Carrageenan-Bearing Red Seaweeds

1.3.2.2 Agar-Bearing Red Seaweeds

1.4 Seaweed Cultivation

1.5 Commercial Applications of Seaweed Bioresources

1.5.1 Marine Functional Foods

1.5.2 Marine Nutraceuticals

1.5.3 Marine Drugs and Health Products

1.5.4 Marine Cosmetics

1.5.5 Marine Biomedical Materials

1.5.6 Marine Fertilizers

1.6 Summary

References

Further Reading

2 - Bioactive Seaweed Substances

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Carbohydrates

2.2.1 Polysaccharides

2.2.2 Oligosaccharides

2.3 Lipids

2.3.1 Ω-3 Fatty Acids

2.3.2 Glycolipids

2.3.3 Phospholipids

2.4 Pigments

2.4.1 Carotenoids

2.4.2 Chlorophylls

2.5 Secondary Metabolites

References

3 - Production of Seaweed-Derived Food Hydrocolloids

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Market Size and Value

3.3 Alginate Seaweeds and Alginate Production

3.3.1 Extraction of Alginate From Brown Seaweeds

3.3.2 Basic Extraction Procedure

3.3.3 Alginic Acid Method

3.3.4 Calcium Alginate Method

3.3.5 Reactive Extrusion Method for Extracting Alginate From Seaweeds

3.4 Carrageenan Seaweeds and Carrageenan Production

3.4.1 Production Methods for Carrageenan

3.4.2 Refined and Filtered Carrageenan

3.4.3 Semirefined Carrageenan and Seaweed Flour

3.5 Agar Seaweeds and Agar Production

3.5.1 Manufacturing Processes

3.5.2 Seaweed Treatment Before Extraction

3.5.3 General Process Requirement

3.6 Summary

References

Further Reading

4 - Seaweed-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides: Scopes and Challenges in Implication in Health Care

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Extraction, Purification, Modification, and Characterization

4.3 Validated Biological Effects

4.3.1 Antioxidant

4.3.2 Cytotoxicity and Antitumor

4.3.3 Immunomodulation and Antiinflammation

4.3.4 Anticoagulation and Complement System Inhibition

4.3.5 Hypolipemic

4.3.6 Antiprotozoal, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral

4.3.7 Osteoprotective and Angiogenic

4.3.8 Antivenomic and Antitoxic

4.4 Regenerative and Nanomedicine Scope

4.5 Insights, Hurdles, and Scopes

4.6 Conclusion

References

5 - Seaweed-Derived Carotenoids

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Sources, Structure, and Classification of Seaweed Carotenoids

5.3 Processing Technology of Seaweed Carotenoids

5.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction

5.3.2 Pressurized Liquid Extraction

5.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction

5.3.4 Centrifugal Partition Chromatography

5.4 Potent Application of Seaweed-Derived Carotenoids in Functional Foods and Animal Feed

5.5 Future Trends

5.6 Conclusions

References

II - Applications of Bioactive Seaweed Substances in Functional Food Products

6 - Applications of Bioactive Seaweed Substances in Functional Food Products

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Direct Consumption of Seaweeds as Marine Vegetables

6.3 Bioactive Seaweed Substances for Functional Food Applications

6.3.1 Seaweed-Derived Minerals and Their Applications in Functional Foods

6.3.2 Seaweed Hydrocolloids and Their Applications in Functional Foods

6.3.2.1 Fabricated Food Products

6.3.2.1.1 FABRICATED FRUITS

6.3.2.1.2 FABRICATED PIMIENTO STRIPS

6.3.2.1.3 FABRICATED ONION RINGS

6.3.2.2 Restructured Meat Products

6.3.2.3 Analog Food Products

6.3.2.4 Cold Jellies

6.3.2.5 Fat Replacer

6.3.2.6 Sausage Casing

6.3.2.7 Dairy Products

6.3.2.8 Other Functional Food Products

6.3.3 Mannitol and Its Applications in Functional Foods

6.3.4 Phlorotannins and Their Application in Functional Foods

6.3.5 Fucoxanthin and Its Application in Functional Foods

6.3.6 Sulfated Polysaccharides and Their Application in Functional Foods

6.3.7 Other Seaweed-Derived Functional Food Ingredients

6.4 Summary

References

Further Reading

7 - Seaweed Hydrocolloids as Thickening, Gelling, and Emulsifying Agents in Functional Food Products

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Rheological Properties of Seaweed Hydrocolloid Solutions

7.2.1 Effect of Molecular Weight on Solution Viscosity

7.2.2 Effect of Concentration on Solution Viscosity

7.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Solution Viscosity

7.2.4 Effect of Shear Rate on Solution Viscosity

7.2.5 Effect of Salt on Solution Viscosity

7.2.6 Effect of pH on Solution Viscosity

7.2.7 Effect of Solvent on Solubility of Alginate

7.3 Gelling Properties of Seaweed Hydrocolloids

7.4 Applications of Seaweed Hydrocolloids as Gelling Agents in Functional Foods

7.4.1 Alginate as Gelling Agents in Functional Food Products

7.4.2 Carrageenan as Gelling Agents in Functional Food Products

7.4.2.1 Low-Calorie Dessert Gels

7.4.2.2 Flan

7.4.2.3 Light Puddings

7.4.2.4 Mousse

7.4.2.5 Whipped Toppings

7.4.2.6 Ice Cream

7.4.3 Agar as Gelling Agents in Functional Food Products

7.5 Applications of Propylene Glycol Alginate as an Emulsifying Agent in the Food and Drink Industry

7.5.1 Application of Propylene Glycol Alginate in Juices

7.5.2 Application of Propylene Glycol Alginate in Beer

7.5.3 Application of Propylene Glycol Alginate in Blending Type Acidic Milk Beverage

7.5.4 Application of Propylene Glycol Alginate in Yoghurt

7.5.5 Application of Propylene Glycol Alginate in Ice Cream

7.5.6 Application of Propylene Glycol Alginate in Salad Dressing

7.6 Summary

References

Further Reading

8 - Seaweed-Derived Hydrocolloids as Food Coating and Encapsulation Agents

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Seaweed Hydrocolloids as Food Coating and Film Agents

8.2.1 Edible Coatings and Films

8.2.2 Functions of Edible Coatings and Films

8.2.3 Applications of Seaweed Hydrocolloids in Edible Coatings and Films

8.3 Seaweed-Derived Hydrocolloids as Food Encapsulation Agents

8.3.1 Functions of Food Encapsulation

8.3.2 Methods of Encapsulation

8.3.2.1 Spray Drying

8.3.2.2 Extrusion

8.3.2.3 Emulsification

8.3.2.4 Complex Coacervation

8.3.2.5 Impinging Aerosol

8.3.3 Application of Encapsulation With Seaweed Hydrocolloid Encapsulants

8.4 Conclusions

References

III - Health Benefits of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

9 - Health Benefits of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

9.1 Introduction

9.2 A Brief Description of the Bioactive Seaweed Substances

9.3 Health Benefits of Dietary Seaweeds

9.4 Health Benefits of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

9.4.1 Antitumor Effects

9.4.2 Immunoregulation Properties

9.4.3 Antioxidant Properties

9.4.4 Reduction of Blood Pressure

9.4.5 Reduction of Blood Sugar

9.4.6 Reduction of Blood Fat

9.4.7 Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Properties

9.4.8 Antiinflammatory and Antiallergic Properties

9.4.9 Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties

9.4.10 Anti-HIV Properties

9.4.11 Antifatigue Properties

9.4.12 Antiaging Properties

9.4.13 Absorption of Heavy Metal Ions

9.4.14 Suppression of Esophageal or Esophageal Reflux

9.4.15 Bulking of Fecal Contents and Relief of Constipation

9.4.16 Slimming Properties

9.4.17 Antidiabetic Properties

9.4.18 Deodorant Properties

9.4.19 Antiacne Properties

9.4.20 Antidepression Properties

9.4.21 Protection Against Radiation

9.4.22 Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase

9.4.23 Skin Whitening Effect

9.5 Summary

References

Further Reading

10 - Antioxidant Properties of Seaweed-Derived Substances

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Antioxidants and Their Mechanisms

10.3 Antioxidant Substances From Seaweed

10.3.1 Carotenoids

10.3.2 Sulfated Polysaccharides

10.3.3 Phenolic Compounds

10.3.4 Antioxidant Activity of Brown Algae Extracts

10.4 Phlorotannins

10.4.1 Structure and Classification

10.4.2 Extraction of Phlorotannins

10.4.3 Identification and Characterization of Phlorotannins

10.4.4 Structure-Dependent Antioxidant Activity of Phlorotannins

10.5 Antioxidant Strategies, Now and in the Future

10.5.1 Antioxidant Strategies in Fish Oil–Enriched Foods

10.5.2 Future Antioxidant Strategy—Phlorotannin-Rich Extracts From Seaweed

10.6 Future Perspective

References

11 - Fucoidan and Its Health Benefits

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Extraction of Fucoidan From Brown Seaweeds

11.2.1 Crude Extraction

11.2.2 Purification

11.3 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Fucoidan

11.4 Biological and Physiological Functions of Fucoidan

11.4.1 Anticoagulant Activity

11.4.2 Antitumor/Anticancer Activity

11.4.3 Immunoregulation Activity

11.4.4 Antioxidant Activity

11.4.5 Antiviral Activity

11.4.6 Antiinflammatory Activity

11.4.7 Antihypertensive and Hypoglycemic Activity

11.4.8 Gastric Protective Effect

11.5 Health Benefits and Potential Applications of Fucoidan

11.6 Summary

References

Further Reading

12 - Antiobesity, Antidiabetic, Antioxidative, and Antihyperlipidemic Activities of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Antiobesity Activity of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

12.2.1 Alginate as an Antiobesity Agent

12.2.2 Fucoidan as an Antiobesity Agent

12.2.3 Fucoxanthin as an Antiobesity Agent

12.3 Antidiabetic Activity of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

12.4 Antioxidative Activity of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

12.5 Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

12.6 Other Physiological Activities of Bioactive Seaweed Substances

12.7 Summary

References

13 - Absorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Alginate

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Heavy Metal Ion Toxicity

13.2.1 Lead (Pb)

13.2.2 Cadmium (Cd)

13.2.3 Arsenic (As)

13.2.4 Chromium (Cr)

13.2.5 Strontium (Sr)

13.3 Remedies for Heavy Metal Ion Contamination

13.4 Absorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Seaweed Biomass

13.4.1 Mechanisms of Biosorption

13.4.1.1 Surface Complexation

13.4.1.2 Ion Exchange Interaction

13.4.2 Factors of Biosorption

13.5 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by Alginate

13.5.1 Chemistry of Alginate

13.5.2 Absorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Alginate

13.5.3 Alginate-Based Composite Materials for Heavy Metal Absorption

13.6 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by Alginate as a Food Additive

13.7 Summary

References

14 - Seaweeds and Cancer Prevention

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Effect of Seaweeds on Cancer Prevention

14.3 Effect of Seaweed Extracts on Cancer Prevention

14.4 Effect of Seaweed Polysaccharides on Cancer Prevention

14.5 Effect of Seaweed Polyphenols on Cancer Prevention

14.6 Effect of Seaweed Iodine on Cancer Prevention

14.7 Other Seaweed-Derived Compounds With Antitumor Activities

14.8 Summary

References

Further Reading

Index

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O

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R

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U

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X

Z

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