Front Cover

Related titles

Polymer Composites in the Aerospace Industry

Copyright

Contents

List of contributors

Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering

1 - Introduction: engineering requirements for aerospace composite materials

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Analysis and design

1.3 Manufacturing techniques

1.4 Applications in aircraft construction

1.5 Conclusion

References

Part One - Design and manufacture of composite components for aerospace structures

2 - Modelling the structure and behaviour of 2D and 3D woven composites used in aerospace applications

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Architecture of a woven unit cell

2.3 Stiffness modelling: method of inclusions

2.4 Stress and strength modelling: finite element (FE) analysis

2.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

3 - Manufacturing processes for composite materials and components for aerospace applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Key property and process requirements

3.3 Prepreg/autoclave processes

3.4 Filament winding

3.5 Automated prepreg processes: automated fibre placement and automated tape layup

3.6 Resin-infusion processes

3.7 Process monitoring

3.8 Conclusions

References

4 - Buckling and compressive strength of laminates with optimized fibre-steering and layer-stacking for aerospace applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Elastic properties of laminates

4.3 Buckling analysis

4.4 Buckling optimization of straight fibre laminates

4.5 Variable angle fibres using continuous tow shearing

4.6 Compression after impact and damage tolerance

4.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

4. Appendix: glossary

5 - Manufacturing defects in composites and their effects on performance

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Defects in composite materials

5.3 Modelling with defects

5.4 Implications on cost-effective manufacturing

5.5 Mechanics-based analysis of defects

5.6 Summary

References

Part 2 Composite performance in aerospace structure design

6 - Modeling the stiffness and strength of aerospace structural elements

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Definition of structural elements

6.3 Modeling approaches

6.4 Woven composite materials

6.5 Modeling effect of anomalies

6.6 Future trends

6.7 Sources of further information and advice

References

6. Appendix: glossary

7 - Fatigue of fiber reinforced composites under multiaxial loading

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fatigue behavior of continuous fiber composites under multiaxial loading

7.3 Fatigue behavior of continuous fiber reinforced composites under multiaxial loading

7.4 Multiaxial fatigue ratio

7.5 Fatigue life prediction criteria

7.6 Comments on life prediction criteria and damage mechanics

7.7 Conclusions

References

7. Appendix: symbols

8 - Fracture mechanics characterization of polymer composites for aerospace applications

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Applications of fracture mechanics of fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix (FRP) composites in aerospace

8.3 Fracture mechanics test methods for FRP composites

8.4 Fracture mechanics test data for selected FRP composites

8.5 Fracture mechanics testing of non-unidirectional FRP composites

8.6 Fracture mechanics testing under aerospace environmental conditions

8.7 Conclusions and future trends

Acknowledgements

References

8. Appendix: glossary

9 - Impact, post-impact strength and post-impact fatigue behaviour of polymer composites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Nature of damage

9.3 Residual strength

9.4 Post-impact fatigue behaviour of polymer composite laminates

9.5 Prediction of impact damage extent, residual strength and post-impact fatigue

9.6 The damage-resistant structure: designing against impact and fatigue

9.7 Damage tolerance

9.8 Conclusions and future trends

References

10 - Design and testing of crashworthy aerospace composite components

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Crashworthy design concepts for aircraft structures

10.3 Design of composite structural elements under crash loads

10.4 Design and crash test of composite helicopter frame structure

10.5 Conclusions and future trends

Acknowledgements

References

11 - Design and failure analysis of composite bolted joints for aerospace composites

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Finite element model

11.3 Analysis of single-bolt joints

11.4 Analysis of multi-bolt joints

11.5 Failure analysis of joints

11.6 Future trends

11.7 Conclusions

11.8 Further sources of information

References

12 - The response of aerospace composites to temperature and humidity

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Moisture absorption

12.3 Moisture sensitivity of matrix resins

12.4 Mechanism of moisture retention in aerospace epoxies

12.5 Anomalous effects

12.6 Thermal spiking

12.7 Thermo-mechanical response of resins

12.8 Effect of moisture on composite performance

12.9 Fibre-dominated properties

12.10 Nonaqueous environments

12.11 Composite unidirectional properties

12.12 Conclusions

References

13 - The blast response of composite and fibre-metal laminate materials used in aerospace applications

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Characteristics of explosions in air

13.3 Paradigms of blast protection

13.4 Explosion loading of fuselage structures

13.5 The blast performance of plain composites

13.6 The blast performance of multilayered systems

13.7 Conclusions

References

14 - Repair of damaged aerospace composite structures

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Assessment of repair and non-destructive tests

14.3 Repair

14.4 Typical repair procedure

14.5 Analysis of repair

14.6 Conclusion and future trends

References

15 - Nondestructive testing of damage in aerospace composites

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Types of composite damage

15.3 Damage in sandwich composites and in adhesive joints

15.4 NDT, NDI, and NDE methods for polymer composite structures

15.5 Probability of detection

15.6 Visual and tap testing

15.7 Ultrasonic testing

15.8 Thermography

15.9 Shearography

15.10 Radiography

15.11 Electromagnetic methods

15.12 Bond inspection

15.13 Summary and conclusions

References

16 - Structural health monitoring (SHM) of aerospace composites

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Conventional resistance strain gauges

16.3 Fiber optics sensors

16.4 Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors

16.5 Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS)

16.6 Electrical properties sensors

16.7 SHM systems

16.8 Local-area active sensing with electromechanical impedance spectroscopy

16.9 Active sensing SHM: electrical methods

16.10 Direct methods for impact damage detection

16.11 Conclusions

References

Index