Front Cover

Forest Management and Planning

Copyright Page

Dedication

Contents

Preface

1 Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources

I Introduction

II Forest Management

III The Need for Forest Management Plans

A The Necessity of Plans, Planners, and Planning Processes

B Information Necessary to Develop a Forest Management Plan

C Plan Development Challenges

IV General Emphasis of Forest Management Plans

A Organization-Specific Plans

B Landscape Plans

C Community or Cooperative Forest Plans

D Ecological Approaches to Plans

E Urban Forest Plans

V Example Forest Plans

A North American Small Private Landowner Plan

B North American National Forest Plan

C Australian State Forest Plan

D European Estate Plan

E Asian Private and Communal Forest Area Management Plan

F South American Community Forest Plan

G African Participatory Management Plan

H North American Urban Forest Plan

I North American Industrial Forest Plan

VI Characterizing the Decision-Making Process

A A View From the Management Sciences

B A Broad View on Planning Within Natural Resource Management Organizations

C A Hierarchy of Planning Within Natural Resource Management Organizations

VII Summary

Questions

References

2 Valuing and Characterizing Forest Conditions

I Introduction

II Structural Evaluation of Natural Resources

A Trees per Unit Area

B Average Diameter of Trees

C Diameter Distribution of Trees

D Basal Area

E Quadratic Mean Diameter

F Average Height

G Timber Volume

H Mean Annual Increment, Periodic Annual Increment

I Snags per Unit Area

J Down Woody Debris

K Crown or Canopy Cover

L Tree, Stand, or Forest Age

M Biomass and Carbon

N Pine Straw

O Other Nontimber Forest Products

P Site Quality

Q Stocking and Density

III Economic Evaluation of Natural Resources

A Basic Concepts: Present and Future Values

1 Present Value of a Single Revenue or Cost

2 Present Value of a Non-terminating Annual Revenue or Cost

3 Present Value of a Terminating Annual Revenue or Cost

4 Present Value of a Non-terminating Periodic Revenue or Cost

5 Present Value of a Terminating Periodic Revenue or Cost

6 Future Value, One Revenue or Cost

7 Future Value of a Non-terminating Annual Cost or Revenue

8 Future Value of a Terminating Annual Cost or Revenue

9 Future Value of a Non-terminating Periodic Cost or Revenue

10 Future Value of a Terminating Periodic Cost or Revenue

B Prices and Costs

C Net Present Value

D Internal Rate of Return

E Benefit/Cost Ratio

F Equal Annual Equivalent

G Soil Expectation Value

H Other Mixed-Method Economic Assessments

I Selecting Discount Rates

J Forest Taxation

IV Environmental and Social Evaluation of Natural Resources

A Habitat Suitability

B Recreation Values

C Water Resources

D Aquatic Habitat Values

E Air Quality

F Income and Employment

V Summary

Questions

References

3 Geographic Information and Land Classification in Support of Forest Planning

I Introduction

II Geographic Information Systems

A Geographic Data Collection Processes

1 Map Digitizing

2 Field Data Collection

3 Remote Sensing

4 Aerial Photogrammetry

B Geographic Data Structures

1 Raster Data

2 Vector Data

3 Topology

C Geographic Data Used in This Book

1 Putnam Tract

2 Lincoln Tract

D Geographic Information Processes

1 Selecting or Querying

2 Clipping and Erasing

3 Buffering

4 Proximity Analysis

5 Combining and Splitting

6 Joining

7 Overlaying

8 Mapping

III Land Classification

A Strata-based Land Classifications

B Land Classification Based on Units of Land

C Land Classification Based on Spatial Position

IV Summary

Questions

References

4 Estimation and Projection of Stand and Forest Conditions

I Introduction

II The Growth of Forests

A Growth of Even-Aged Stands

B Growth of Uneven-Aged Forests

C Growth of Two-Aged Forests

D Growth Transition Through Time

1 Stand-Level Volume Estimates

2 Broader-Scale Volume Estimates

3 Broad-Scale Habitat Estimates

III Projecting Stand Conditions

A Growth and Yield Tables

1 Volume Table

2 Yield Table

B Growth and Yield Simulators

1 Individual Tree, Distance-Independent Models

2 Individual Tree, Distance-Dependent Models

3 Whole-Stand Models

4 Diameter Class Models

5 Gap Simulators

6 Snag and Coarse Woody Debris Models

C Brief Summary of Some Growth and Yield Simulators

1 Forest Vegetation Simulator

2 California Conifer Timber Output Simulator

3 ORGANON

4 Zelig

5 DFSIM

6 ASPEN

7 PTAEDA 4.0

8 Tree and Stand Simulator

9 Simulator for Intensively Managed Stands

10 Landscape Management System

IV Output From Growth and Yield Models

V Model Evaluation

VI Summary

Questions

References

5 Optimization of Tree- and Stand-Level Objectives

I Introduction

II Tree-level Optimization

III Stand-level Optimization

A Optimum Timber Rotation

B Optimum Thinning Timing

C Optimum Stand Density or Stocking

D Recent Developments in the Scientific Literature

IV Decision Tree Analysis

V Mathematical Models for Optimizing Stand-level Management Regimes

VI Dynamic Programming

A Recursive Relationships

B Caveats of Dynamic Programming

C Disadvantages of Dynamic Programming

D Dynamic Programming Example—An Evening Out

E Dynamic Programming Example—Western Stand Thinning, Fixed Rotation Length

F Dynamic Programming Example—Southern Stand Thinning, Varying Rotation Lengths

VII Summary

Questions

References

6 Graphical Solution Techniques for Two-Variable Linear Problems

I Introduction

II Example Problems in Natural Resource Management

A The Road Construction Plan

1 Understand the Management Problem

2 Translate the Management Problem Into Mathematical Equations

3 Solve the Problem and Check the Solution

B The Plan for Developing Snags to Enhance Wildlife Habitat

1 Understand the Management Problem

2 Translate the Management Problem Into Mathematical Equations

3 Solve the Problem and Check the Solution

C The Plan for Fish Habitat Development

1 Understand the Management Problem

2 Translate the Management Problem Into Mathematical Equations

3 Solve the Problem and Check the Solution

D The Hurricane Clean-up Plan

1 Understand the Management Problem

2 Translate the Management Problem Into Mathematical Equations

3 Solve the Problem and Check the Solution

III Optimality, Feasibility, and Efficiency

IV Summary

Questions

References

7 Linear Programming

I Introduction

II Four Assumptions Inherent in Standard Linear Programming Models

A The Assumption of Proportionality

B The Assumption of Additivity

C The Assumption of Divisibility

D The Assumption of Certainty

III Objective Functions for Linear Programming Problems

IV Accounting Rows for Linear Programming Problems

A Accounting Rows Related to Land Areas Scheduled for Treatment

B Wood Flow-Related Accounting Rows

C Habitat-Related Accounting Rows

V Constraints for Linear Programming Problems

A Resource Constraints

B Policy Constraints

1 Constraints on Harvested Areas

2 Constraints on Harvested Volume

3 Constraints on Habitat Availability

VI Detached Coefficient Matrix

VII Model I, II, and III Linear Programming Problems

VIII Interpretation of Results Generated from Linear Programming Problems

A Objective Function Value, Variable Values, and Reduced Costs

B Slack and Dual Prices

IX Assessing Alternative Management Scenarios

X Case Study: Western United States Forest

XI Case Study: Northern United States Hardwood Forest

XII Summary

Questions

References

8 Advanced Planning Techniques

I Introduction

II Extensions to Linear Programming

A Mixed Integer Programming

B Integer Programming

C Goal Programming

III Binary Search

IV Heuristic Methods

A Monte Carlo Simulation

B Simulated Annealing

C Threshold Accepting

D Tabu Search

E Genetic Algorithms

F Other Heuristics

V Forest Planning Software

A Spectrum

B Habplan

C Magis

D Remsoft Spatial Planning System (Woodstock/Stanley)

E Tigermoth

VI Summary

Questions

References

9 Forest and Natural Resource Sustainability

I Introduction

II Sustainability of Production

III Sustainability of Multiple Uses

IV Sustainability of Ecosystems and Social Values

V Incorporating Measures of Sustainability Into Forest Plans

VI Sustainability Beyond the Immediate Forest

VII Summary

Questions

References

10 Models of Desired Forest Structure

I Introduction

II The Normal Forest

III The Regulated Forest

IV Irregular Forest Structures

V Structures Guided by a Historical Range of Variability

VI Structures Not Easily Classified

VII Summary

Questions

References

11 Control Techniques for Commodity Production and Wildlife Objectives

I Controlling the Area Scheduled

II Controlling the Volume Scheduled

A The Hanzlik Formula for Volume Control

B The Von Mantel Formula for Volume Control

C The Austrian Formula for Volume Control

D The Hundeshagen Formula for Volume Control

E The Meyer Amortization Method for Volume Control

F The Heyer Method for Volume Control

G Structural Methods for Volume Control

III Application of Area and Volume Control to the Putnam Tract

A Area Control

B Volume Control—Hanzlik Formula

C Volume Control—Von Mantel Formula

D Volume Control—Austrian Formula

E Volume Control—Hundeshagen Formula

F Volume Control—Meyer Formula

IV Area–Volume Check

V Wildlife Habitat Control

VI The Allowable Cut Effect

VII Summary

Questions

References

12 Spatial Restrictions and Considerations in Forest Planning

I Adjacency and Green-up Rules as They Relate to Clearcut Harvesting

II Adjacency and Green-up of Group Selection Patch Harvests

III Habitat Quality Considerations

A Case 1: Elk Habitat Quality

B Case 2: Bird Species Habitat Considerations

C Case 3: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Considerations

D Case 4: Spotted Owl Habitat Quality

IV Road and Trail Maintenance and Construction

A Case 1: Road Management Problem

B Case 2: Trail Development Problem

V Summary

Questions

References

13 Hierarchical System for Planning and Scheduling Management Activities

I Strategic Planning

II Tactical Planning

III Operational Planning

IV Vertical Integration of Planning Processes

V Blended, Combined, and Adaptive Approaches

VI Your Involvement in Forest Planning Processes

VII Summary

Questions

References

14 Forest Supply Chain Management

I Introduction

II Components of a Forestry Supply Chain

III Association With the Hierarchy of Forest Planning

IV Mathematical Formulations Associated With Forestry Supply Chain Components

V Sources of Variation in the Forestry Supply Chain

VI Summary

Questions

References

15 Forest Certification and Carbon Sequestration

I Introduction

II Forest Certification Programs

A Sustainable Forestry Initiative

B Forest Stewardship Council

C American Tree Farm System

D Green Tag Forestry System

E Canadian Standards Association

F International Organization for Standardization, Standard 14001

G Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification

III Cost and Benefits of Forest Certification

IV Forest Carbon Sequestration

V Opportunities and Challenges in Increasing Forest Carbon Storage

VI Emissions Trading

VII Selected US Carbon Reporting and Trading Schemes

VIII Forest Carbon Implications for Forest Management

IX Summary

Questions

References

16 Scenario Analysis in Support of Strategic Planning

I Introduction

II An Overview of the Role of Scenario Analysis

III Developing Scenarios

IV Applying Scenario Analysis to Forest Planning

V Summary

Questions

References

Appendix A: Databases Used Throughout Forest Management and Planning

A.I A Douglas-Fir Stand From Western Oregon

A.II The Lincoln Tract

A.III The Putnam Tract

Reference

Appendix B: The Simplex Method for Solving Linear Planning Problems

B.I Introduction

B.II Ten Steps That Represent the Simplex Method

Step 1: Develop the Detached Coefficient Matrix

Step 2: Calculate the Opportunity Costs

Step 3: Make a Decision Regarding Optimality

Step 4: Identify the Pivot Column

Step 5: Calculate the Maximum Contributions of Variables to the Current Solution

Step 6: Identify the Pivot Row

Step 7: Determine the Key Number

Step 8: Calculate the Transformation Ratio

Step 9: Transform the Pivot Row

Step 10: Transform the Nonpivot Row(s)

B.III A Two-Variable, Two-Constraint Problem Solved With the Simplex Method

Iteration 1 of the Simplex Method

Iteration 2 of the Simplex Method

Iteration 3 of the Simplex Method

Verification of the Simplex Method Results

Questions

References

Appendix C: Writing a Memorandum or Report

C.I Memorandums

C.II Reports

Index

Back Cover