Description
Mixed-Species Groups of Animals: Behavior, Community Structure, and Conservation presents a comprehensive discussion on the mixed-species groups of animals, a spectacular and accessible example of the complexity of species interactions.
They are found in a wide range of animals, including invertebrates, fish, mammals and birds, and in different habitats, both terrestrial and aquatic, throughout the world.
While there are more than 500 articles on this subject scattered in separate categories of journals, there has yet to be a general, cross-taxa book-length introduction to this subject that summarizes the behavior and community structure of these groups.
The authors first survey the diversity of spatial associations among animals and then concentrate on moving groups. They review the major classes of theories that have been developed to explain their presence, particularly in how groups increase foraging efficiency and decrease predation. Finally, they explore the intricacies of species interactions, such as communication, that explain species roles in groups and discuss what implications these social systems have for conservation.
- Functions as a single resource for readers inside and outside of academia on mixed-species groups, serving as a foundation for future research in this field
- Begins with an empirical summary of mixed-species distribution and reviews how the theories explaining their adaptive benefits are supporte
Chapter
1.1 WHAT IS A MIXED-SPECIES GROUP? DEFINING THE SCOPE OF THE BOOK
1.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON RESEARCH ON MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS
2 - A Diversity of Mixed-Species Associations
2.1 CLASSIFYING MIXED-SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS
2.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES WITHOUT ASSOCIATION
2.3 ASSOCIATION OF SPECIES DESPITE LACK OF INTERACTION
2.3.1 Aggregations in Habitat Patches
2.3.2 Aggregations Around a Resource
2.3.3 Aggregations Influenced by Predation
2.3.4 Aggregations During Migration
2.4 STATIONARY ASSOCIATIONS CENTERED AROUND SPECIES INTERACTIONS
2.4.1 Associations Based on a Protective Species
2.4.2 Mixed-Species Colonies or Roosts
2.4.3 Cleaning Mutualisms
3 - Moving Mixed-Species Groups in Different Taxa
3.1 COMPARING MOVING MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS
3.3 FISH AND AQUATIC AMPHIBIANS
3.3.2 Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Amphibians
3.6 MSGS THAT INCLUDE MULTIPLE TAXA AND WHERE ONE SPECIES MAKES FOOD MORE ACCESSIBLE TO OTHERS
3.6.1 Associations Based on One Species Increasing Prey Accessibility
3.6.2 Cooperative Hunting
3.6.3 Mutualisms in Which Increased Foraging Is Traded for Vigilance
4 - Adaptive Implications of Mixed-Species Grouping: Foraging, Physical, and Reproductive Factors
4.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS IN TERMS OF ADAPTATION
4.2 SOME POTENTIAL FORAGING BENEFITS OF (MIXED-SPECIES) GROUPING
4.2.1 Sharing Information About Foraging Opportunities
4.2.2 Beater Effects and Enhancement of Food Availability
4.2.3 Niche Separation, Reduced Competition, and Altered Social Interaction
4.2.4 Reduced Variance in Food Finding
4.2.6 Defending a Food Source
4.2.7 Improved Efficiency of Exploiting the Local Environment
4.3 SOME POTENTIAL FORAGING COSTS OF (MIXED SPECIES) GROUPING
4.3.1 Competition for Food, Food Stealing, Dominance, and Within-Group Aggression
4.3.2 Conflict Over When and Where to Feed and/or Over Speed of Movement Through the Environment
4.4 REDUCED COST OF LOCOMOTION IN GROUPS
4.5 PROTECTION FROM ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS IN GROUPS
4.6 FURTHER SOCIAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ASPECTS OF (MIXED-SPECIES) GROUPING
5 - Adaptive Implications of Mixed-Species Grouping: Predators and Other Antagonists
5.1 CONSEQUENCES OF MIXED-SPECIES GROUPING FOR PREDATION RISK
5.1.1 Encounter-Dilution Effects
5.1.2 Vigilance and Collective Detection
5.1.3 Confusion and Oddity
5.1.4 Mobbing and Aggressive Defense
5.1.5 Nonrandom Prey Choice Within Groups by Predators
5.1.6 Educating Naive Individuals About Predatory Threats
5.2 OTHER ENEMIES (PARASITES AND DISEASE)
5.3 HERBIVORY IN MSAS OF PLANTS
5.4 CASE STUDIES OF SELECTION PRESSURES ON MSGS
5.4.1 Thomson’s and Grant’s Gazelles
5.4.2 Hornbills and Mongooses
5.4.3 Oxpeckers and Mammalian Grazers
5.4.5 Birds That Use False Alarm Calls to Kleptoparasitize
5.4.6 Association Between Dolphins, Tuna, and Seabirds
6.2.1 Eavesdropping to Locate Resources
6.2.2 Eavesdropping to Locate Groups
6.2.3 Eavesdropping to Mob Predators
6.2.4 Eavesdropping to Assess Predation Risk
7 - Leadership and Sentinel Behavior
7.2.1 Historical Perspective
7.2.2 How to Quantify Leadership
7.2.2.1 Quantitative Assessment
7.2.2.2 Experimental Manipulation
7.2.2.4 Social Network Analysis
7.2.3 Characteristics of Leader Species
8 - Mixed-Species Groups and Conservation
8.1 INTRODUCTION: THE NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF MIXED-SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS
8.2 MIXED-SPECIES GROUP RESPONSES TO ANTHROPOMORPHIC DISTURBANCE
8.3 MECHANISMS OF THIS RESPONSE
8.5 CONSERVATION ACTIONS: PROTECT LOCATIONS
8.6 CONSERVATION ACTIONS: PROTECT SPECIES
8.7 CONSERVATION ACTIONS: RESTORATION OF DISTURBED AREAS
9.1 WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
9.2 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS
9.3 THEORETICAL REVIEW OF BENEFITS AND COSTS
9.4 SOCIAL INTERACTIONS WITHIN MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS
9.5 CONSERVATION AND CONCLUSION
Mixed-Species Groups of Animals
：Behavior, Community Structure, and Conservation
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