Front Cover

NEUROCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

NEUROCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: RISK FACTORS, PATHOGENESIS, BIOMARKERS, AND POTENTIAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

About the Author

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

1 - Neurochemical Aspects of β-Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Critical Evaluation

INTRODUCTION

PROPERTIES AND ROLES OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR AND TAU PROTEINS IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN PROCESSING

NONAMYLOIDOGENIC SIGNALING IN THE NORMAL BRAIN

AMYLOIDOGENIC SIGNALING IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

INVOLVEMENT OF AΒ AND TAU IN NEURODEGENERATION IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

DEGRADATION OF AΒ IN THE BRAIN AND FACTORS THAT MODULATE AΒ CLEARANCE

MODULATION OF LEVELS OF AΒ-DERIVED DIFFUSIBLE LIGANDS BY LIPIDS AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

INTERACTIONS OF AΒ-DERIVED DIFFUSIBLE LIGANDS WITH VARIOUS RECEPTORS AND OTHER PROTEINS

LIMITATIONS OF AΒ CASCADE HYPOTHESIS

CONCLUSION

References

2 - Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

AGING AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

DIET AS RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

DISTURBANCE IN SLEEP AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

GENES AS RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AS RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

EPIGENETIC FACTORS AS RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

CONCLUSION

References

3 - Contribution of Neural Membrane Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, and Cholesterol in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS, SPHINGOLIPIDS, AND CHOLESTEROL AS PRECURSORS FOR LIPID MEDIATORS

SPHINGOLIPIDS AS PRECURSORS FOR LIPID MEDIATORS

CHOLESTEROL AS A PRECURSOR FOR LIPID MEDIATORS

ALTERATIONS IN LEVELS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS, SPHINGOLIPIDS, AND CHOLESTEROL, AND INVOLVEMENT OF THEIR LIPID MEDIATORS IN ALZHEIMER’S ...

CONCLUSION

References

4 - Contribution of Nucleic Acids in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE BRAIN

EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON MITOCHONDRIAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON RIBONUCLEIC ACID

NITROSATIVE DAMAGE TO NUCLEIC ACIDS

CONCLUSION

References

5 - Type II Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome as Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO COMPLICATIONS IN TYPE II DIABETES

TYPE II DIABETES AS RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN

METABOLIC SYNDROME AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

LIPID MEDIATORS IN TYPE II DIABETES, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

LONG-TERM CONSUMPTION OF HIGH-CALORIE DIET AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

CONCLUSION

References

6 - Contribution of Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

ACUTE NEUROINFLAMMATION

CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION

ACTIVATION OF MICROGLIAL CELLS IN THE BRAIN

CONTRIBUTION OF MICROGLIAL CELL IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

CONTRIBUTION OF ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

CROSSTALK AMONG NEURONS, ASTROCYTES, AND MICROGLIAL CELLS

Contribution of Neurons in Neuroinflammation

Contribution of Complement System in Neuroinflammation

CONCLUSION

References

7 - Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

BIOMARKERS FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

Β-AMYLOID AS A BIOMARKER FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

TAU AND PHOSPHORYLATED TAU AS BIOMARKERS FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

APOLIPOPROTEIN E IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

OTHER METABOLIC BIOMARKERS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND BLOOD

OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

VISUAL DYSFUNCTION AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

MICRORNAS AS BIOMARKERS FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

LIMITATIONS OF BIOMARKER ASSAY SYSTEMS

CONCLUSION

References

8 - Potential Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

CHOLINERGIC STRATEGIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

MEMANTINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

SECTRETASE INHIBITORS AND MODULATORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONISTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

STATINS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

CURCUMIN AND THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

PHYTOCHEMICALS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIALS OF NEUROGENESIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

OTHER POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

TAU-DIRECTED ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE THERAPIES

CALORIE RESTRICTION AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

CONCLUSION

References

9 - Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

TAU ANTIBODIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

NONIMMUNOGENIC ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE THERAPIES RELATED TO TAU PROTEIN

CONCLUSION

References

10 - Perspective, Summary, and Directions for Future Research on Alzheimer’s Disease

INTRODUCTION

Β-AMYLOID-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

TAU-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

CHALLENGES TO BASIC RESEARCH IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

CONCLUSION

References

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

W

Back Cover