Chapter
1.4. Impact on human health
1.5. Fauna, flora and heritage
1.6. Fossil fuels depletion
1.10. Impact on other modes of transport
1.13. The re-emergence of electric vehicles
1.14. The rapid rise of renewable energy
1.15. Conventional energy matrix
Chapter 2: Traction energy and battery performance modelling
2.2. What is meant by an EV?
2.3. Lithium and its use in BEV
2.4.1. Measuring state of charge of a lead acid battery
2.5. Recharging of the EV
2.5.1. Supporting infrastructure
2.6. Regenerative braking
2.7. Energy usage in the electric vehicle
2.8. The environmental impact of the EV
2.9. Understanding and optimizing the EV performance
2.9.1. Factors that affect energy consumption
2.9.2. Categorizing various types of driving
2.9.2.1. Author's comments on motorway driving
2.9.3. Concluding comments of where EV's are best suited
2.10. Traction modelling software
2.10.1. Previous work's contribution to traction energy modelling
2.10.2. The vehicle dynamic and energy consumption simulation equations
2.10.3. Supporting software
2.10.4. Validation of simulations
Chapter 3: Parasitic energy consumption for heating and cooling
3.2. Previous work on thermal comfort
3.2.1. Predictive mean value (PMV) index
3.2.2. Predicted percentage dissatisfaction index
3.2.3. Han et al.s (2001) thermal comfort model
3.2.4. The study of thermal comfort in warmer climates
3.3. Thermal comfort research by the present research team
3.4. Energy consumption of the EV in comparison to the ICEV
3.5. Optimizing the climate control systems
Chapter 4: Battery technologies for electric vehicles
4.2. Electrochemical energy storage
4.2.1. Rechargeable battery
4.2.1.1. Lead acid battery
4.2.2. Advanced rechargeable battery technology
4.3. Challenges in electric and hybrid electric vehicles
4.4. eVaro electric sports car
4.5.1. Basic operation of rechargeable battery
4.5.2. Ni-MH battery operation
4.5.3. Li-ion battery operation
4.5.3.1. Introduction to Li-Ion battery
4.5.3.2. Li-ion cell operation
4.7. Battery charging methods
4.8. Battery management system
4.8.1. Building blocks of battery management system
4.8.2. Cutoff FETs and FET driver
4.8.3. Fuel gauge/current measurements
4.8.4. Cell voltage and maximizing battery lifetime
4.8.5. Temperature monitoring
4.8.6. State machines or algorithms
4.8.7. Other battery management system building blocks
4.9. Battery state of charge estimation
Chapter 5: Next-generation battery-driven light rail vehicles and trains
5.2. Development of a LRV as a means of urban transportation
5.3. Benefits of catenary-free operation
5.5. Determining on-board battery capacity
5.6. Overview of SWIMO vehicle
5.7. Configuration of SWIMO vehicle
5.7.5. Bogies at both ends
5.7.6. Intermediate bogie
5.7.7. On-board GIGACELL battery
5.7.10. Charge-discharge control unit
5.8. Charge-discharge control system
5.9. Bidirectional buck-boost converter
5.9.1. Battery charge mode
5.9.2. Battery discharge mode
5.10. Operating mode of battery-driven LRV
5.10.1. Nonelectrified section
5.10.2. Electrified section
5.11. Test runs at revenue service line
5.11.1. Test runs on electrified sections (pantograph in use)
5.11.2. Battery-powered test runs
5.11.3. Outdoor shelf test under low-temperature condition
5.12. Rapid charging test
5.13. Battery-driven train with commercial operation in Japan
5.13.1. Background and objectives
5.13.2. Configuration of catenary and battery-driven hybrid train system
5.13.3. Summary of battery-driven ACCUM train
5.13.4. Operating mode of ACCUM train
5.13.4.1. Nonelectrified section
5.13.4.2. Electrified section
5.14. Battery-driven LRV with commercial operation in France
Chapter 6: Sustainable transport, electric vehicle promotional policies, and factors influencing the purchasing decisions ...
6.2. Review of policies for promoting the use of electric vehicles around the world
6.2.1. Review of policies for promoting the use of electric vehicles in Slovenia
6.3.1. Study I: Key factors influencing the purchasing decisions of electric vehicles in Slovenia
6.3.2. Study II: A sustainable transport solution for a Slovenia town
6.3.2.1. Calculating the mileage and energy consumption of EVs in Slovenia
6.3.2.2. CO2 emissions associated with passenger cars in Celje
6.3.2.3. Solar recharging
6.3.2.4. Economics of solar recharging for EV's in Celje
Chapter 7: Case study for Chile: The electric vehicle penetration in Chile
7.2. Chile energy panorama
7.2.1. Energy consumption
7.2.2. Environmental loading and CO2 emissions
7.2.3. Electricity generation
7.2.4. Electricity from renewable sources
7.3. Support mechanisms for renewable energy in Chile
7.3.1.1. Law I (`short law I')
7.3.1.2. Law II (`short law II')
7.3.1.4. Renewable energy centre
7.3.2. Financial and tax incentives for NCRE integration
7.3.2.1. Initiatives of integrated development
7.3.2.2. Technological contracts for innovation
7.3.2.3. Tax exemption for extreme zones
7.3.3. Prospects for NCRE development
7.4.2. Air pollution and awareness
7.4.3. Public transport infrastructure in the metropolitan region
7.4.4. Transport public policy
7.4.4.2. 2025 Santiago maestro plan
7.4.4.3. Zero emissions mobility program
7.4.4.4. Emission standards
7.5. The role of EVs in the Chilean transport market
7.5.1. GHG emissions—EVs vs. ICVs
7.5.2. Market penetration
7.5.3. Market development barriers
7.5.4. Financial and tax incentives for EV
7.5.5. Sustainable development
7.6. Lithium mining in Chile
7.7.1. Fuel costs comparison
7.7.2. Performance of a solar power charging station
Chapter 8: Electric vehicles: Case study for Spain
8.2. Current situation of energy use and environmental loading
8.2.1. Background information
8.2.2. Energy and environmental challenges
8.3. Automobile population and its contribution to CO2 emissions and impact on air quality
8.4. Public transport infrastructure
8.4.1. System of responsibilities
8.4.3. Productive efficiency
8.5. Private transport sector
8.6. Spanish infrastructure policy
8.7. The role of electric vehicles
8.8. Renewable energy charging of electric cars
8.8.1. Renewable energy production in Spain
8.8.2. The legislation regulating renewable energy in Spain
8.8.3. Renewable energy charging of electric vehicles in Spain
Chapter 9: The scenario of electric vehicles in Norway
9.1.1. Importance of electrical vehicle technology
9.1.2. The characteristic of Norway and EV evolvement
9.1.3. EV regional diffusion in Norway
9.2. Electric vehicle evolution in Norway
9.2.1. The concept development phase (1970-90)
9.2.2. The testing phase (1990-99)
9.2.3. The early market phase (1999-2009)
9.2.4. The market introduction phase (2009-12)
9.2.5. The market expansion phase (from 2012)
9.3. EV policies and incentives
9.3.1. Exemption from registration tax
9.3.2. Exemption from VAT
9.3.3. Reduced annual vehicle license fee
9.3.4. Reduced company car tax
9.3.6. Exemption from paying car ferry fees
9.3.7. Access to bus lanes
9.3.8. Free public parking with free charging
9.4. Current situation of EV market
9.5. The typical EV owners
9.6. Charging infrastructure
9.7. The models in Norway EV market
9.7.1. Price of EVs in Norway
9.8. The electric vehicle industry in Norway
9.9. Government impacts of increasing electromobility
9.9.1. Environmental impacts
9.10. Norwegian transport in future: a vision for low carbon society
9.11. Summary and conclusion
Chapter 10: A case study for Northern Europe
10.2. A review of energy demand
10.2.1. Global energy consumption
10.2.2. European Union's energy consumption
10.2.3. UK energy consumption
10.2.4. Energy consumption by sector
10.2.5. Energy used in the transport sector
10.2.6. The composition of on road vehicles
10.3. Environmental review
10.3.1. General considerations
10.3.2.1. Global CO2 emissions by sector
10.3.2.2. European CO2 emissions by sector
10.3.2.3. UK CO2 emissions by sector
10.3.3. CO2 and its relationship with rise in sea levels
10.3.4. Effects of aerosols on climate
10.3.5. CO2 emissions within the transport sector
10.3.6. CO2 in the automobile industry
10.4.1. A review of automobile usage
10.4.2. Cost of conventional fuel
10.4.3. The composition of electricity generation
10.4.4. Alternative means to fuel automobiles
10.4.5. The electric vehicle in today's UK market
10.5. Case Studies in Northern Europe
10.5.2. Ultra-low emission zones, London, UK
10.5.3. Breaking the boundaries by Tesla in Northern Europe
10.5.4. Battery right sizing in the Netherlands
10.5.5. Government initiatives
10.5.6. Connecting Europe through TEN-T projects
10.5.7. Norway leading the way for other European countries
10.5.8. Ecotricity's electric highway in the UK
10.5.9. Electric taxis in Dundee, Scotland
10.5.10. The electrification of buses in Italy and Scotland
10.5.11. Car Sharing Clubs, UK and France
10.5.12. Engaging the public to challenge misconceptions
10.5.13. Fleet optimization, Route Monkey, UK
10.5.14. Visions for the future—The TEV project
10.5.15. Renewable energy and its part to play in EV's success
10.5.16. Rapid charging network, UK and Ireland
10.5.17. The European Green Vehicle Initiative
10.5.18. The ultimate driver for EV's globally
Chapter 11: Electric vehicles: Status and roadmap for India
11.2. Electric vehicle—An alternate mode of transport in India
11.3. Characteristic of various models of electric vehicle available in India
11.3.1. Characteristics of electric 4-wheeler
11.3.2. Characteristic of electric 2-wheeler
11.4. Past trend and current status of EV market in India
11.5. Electric vehicle market forecast in India
11.6. Electric vehicle-Programme and policies in India
11.6.1. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)
11.6.1.1. Current status of R&D in India and focus areas for xEV
11.6.1.2. Existing infrastructure for charging of xEVs
11.6.1.3. Manufacturing strategies for xEVs in India
11.6.2. Faster adoption and manufacturing of (hybrid) and electric vehicles (FAME)
11.7. Charging infrastructure for xEVs
11.8. Existing business model of e-rickshaws
11.8.2. Operational costs
11.8.3. Maintenance costs
11.8.4. Revenue generation
11.8.5. Parking and charging infrastructure
11.8.6. E-rickshaw driver perceptions
11.8.7. E-rickshaw users' trip details
11.9. xEV Bus pilots in India
11.9.1. Tata motors hybrid bus pilots in Delhi and Mumbai
11.9.2. Plug-in-hybrid bus by Ashok Leyland
11.9.3. Bangalore metropolitan transport Corporation (BMTC) plans to introduce hybrid buses in its fleet
11.10. Existing challenges and strategies for faster adoption of EVs
11.11. Overall analysis of EV
11.12.1. Charging infrastructure
11.12.2. Public awareness
11.12.3. Lack of manufacturers
11.12.4. Emission standards
11.12.5. EV as public transport (bus system)
11.12.6. Integration of electric mobility within urban policies and plans
11.12.7. Financial support
11.13. Steps to promote EVs
11.13.1. Charge while parked facilities
11.13.2. Arrangements for EV in traffic
11.13.3. Incentives for EVs
11.13.4. Motivating the performance oriented market
Chapter 12: Recharging of electric cars by solar photovoltaics
12.1. The solar meadow farm at Edinburgh College
12.1.1. Shading analysis of the solar meadow farm
12.1.2. Experimental measurements at solar meadow farm
12.1.3. Calculation process: Slope irradiation, cell temperature and cell efficiency
12.1.3.1. Slope irradiation
12.1.3.2. Cell temperature
12.1.3.3. Cell efficiency
12.1.4. PV module analysis: Slope irradiation, cell temperature and cell efficiency
12.1.4.1. Slope irradiation
12.1.4.2. Cell temperature
12.1.4.3. Cell efficiency
12.2. Future plans: Implementation of a solar charging station for e-cars at Edinburgh college
12.2.1. Calculation process: Slope irradiation, cell temperature and cell efficiency
12.2.1.1. Slope irradiation
12.2.1.2. Cell temperature
12.2.1.3. Cell efficiency
12.2.2. Design of the solar charging station: First phase
12.2.2.1. Design 1: South orientation
12.2.2.2. Design 2: East-west orientation
12.2.2.3. Design 3: East-west orientation
12.2.3. Design of the solar carport: Second phase
12.2.3.1. Design 4: South orientation
12.2.3.2. Design 5: East-west orientation
12.2.3.3. Design 6: East-west orientation
12.2.3.4. Summary of the results by design shape, first and second phase
12.2.3.5. Design critique
12.2.3.6. Characteristics of the chosen design
12.2.4. Design of the PV system
12.2.4.1. Selection of the inverter
PV modules per string and maximum number of strings
Number of PV modules handled by one inverter and total number of inverters
12.2.4.2. Selection of the PV module
12.2.4.3. Selection of the charging station
12.2.5. Driving behaviour
12.2.5.1. Average driving distance
Trips in progress by time and day in the UK
12.2.5.2. Estimation of energy consumption by electric vehicles
Car model: Renault Zoe e-car
12.2.6. Number of vehicles to be charged during a day by the solar carport
12.2.6.1. Energy production and energy consumption by the facility
12.2.6.3. Financial analysis
Expenses: OPEX and investment costs
Operating Expenditure (OPEX)
Feed-in tariff (FIT) earnings
Selling the electricity generated to the electric vehicles fleet
Expenses: OPEX and investment costs
Operating Expenditure (OPEX)
Feed-in tariff (FIT) earnings
CRC Energy efficiency scheme
12.2.6.7. Financial assumptions
Payback period, NPV, IRR and DSCR
Financials the three different scenarios
12.2.7. Environmental analysis
12.2.7.1. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of the project
Eco-audit of the PV module selected
12.2.7.2. Life cycle assessment of the balance of system (BOS) and system mounting
12.2.7.3. Energy payback time (EPBT) and global warming potential (GWP) summary
12.2.7.4. CO2 emissions saved
12.3.1. Solar meadow farm at Edinburgh College
12.3.2. Solar charging station at Edinburgh College
Chapter 13: Drive cycles for battery electric vehicles and their fleet management
13.2. Edinburgh College BEV—Early adopters
13.2.1. Charger evaluation
13.2.3.1. Midlothian to Galashiels, south east of Edinburgh city, Scotland UK
13.2.4. Experimental and simulation results
13.2.6. City of Edinburgh commute
13.2.7. Long range mobility
13.2.7.1. 1000Mile route comparison (CO2 impact)
13.3. System control management and monitoring
Electric Vehicles: Prospects and Challenges
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