Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

List of Tables

List of Figures

Audio Tracks

List of Abbreviations and Phonetic Symbols

Purpose and Scope of the Book

1 Phonetics and Phonology

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Phonetics

1.2.1 Articulatory phonetics

1.2.2 Acoustic phonetics

1.2.3 Auditory phonetics

1.2.4 The interface of the auditory, acoustic and articulatory levels

1.3 Phonology

1.3.1 Phone, phoneme and allophone

1.3.2 Phonological analysis

1.3.3 Phonological structure

1.3.3.1 The syllable

1.3.3.2 Syllabic patterns in English and Spanish and advice

1.3.3.3 Syllabic consonants

1.4 Phonetic transcription

1.4.1 The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

1.4.2 Types of phonetic transcription

1.5 Received Pronunciation (RP) and Peninsular Spanish (PSp)

1.6 A guide to the phonetic transcription of RP and PSp

Further reading

Exercises

2 The Production and Classification of Speech Sounds

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The organs of speech

2.2.1 The respiratory system and pulmonic sounds

2.2.2 The phonatory system, phonation modes and glottalic sounds

2.2.3 The articulatory system and velaric sounds

2.3 Articulatory features and classification of phonemes

2.3.1 Vowels and vowel glides

2.3.1.1 Tongue shape

2.3.1.2 Lip shape

2.3.1.3 The cardinal vowels and the Cardinal Vowel Scale

2.3.1.4 Duration and energy of articulation

2.3.1.5 Steadiness of articulatory gesture

2.3.2 Consonants

2.3.2.1 Voicing and energy of articulation

2.3.2.2 Place of articulation

2.3.2.3 Manner of articulation

2.3.2.4 Orality

2.3.2.5 Secondary articulation

2.4 Acoustic features of speech sounds

2.4.1 Vowels

2.4.2 Vowel glides

2.4.3 Consonants and glide consonants

Further reading

Exercises

3 Vowels and Vowel Glides

3.1 Introduction

3.2 A comparison of English and Spanish pure vowels

3.2.1 Group 1: RP /iː ɪ/ vs. PSp /i/

3.2.2 Group 2: RP /e ɜː ə/ vs. PSp /e/

3.2.3 Group 3: RP /ʌ æ ɑː/ vs. PSp /a/

3.2.4 Group 4: RP /ɔː ɒ/ vs. PSp /o/

3.2.5 Group 5: RP /uː ʊ/ vs. PSp /u/

3.3 A comparison of English and Spanish vowel glides

3.3.1 Closing diphthongs

3.3.1.1 RP /eɪ aɪ ɔɪ/ vs. PSp /ei̯ ai̯ oi̯/

3.3.1.2 RP /əʊ aʊ/ vs. PSp /eu̯ ou̯ au̯/

3.3.2 Centring diphthongs: RP /ɪə eə ʊə/

3.3.3 Diphthongs + [ə]

Further reading

Exercises

4 Consonants

4.1 Introduction

4.2 A comparison of English and Spanish consonants

4.2.1 Plosives

4.2.1.1 Bilabial plosives /p b/

4.2.1.2 Alveolar plosives /t d/

4.2.1.3 Velar plosives /k g/

4.2.2 Fricatives

4.2.2.1 Labio-dental fricatives: RP /f v/ vs. PSp /f/

4.2.2.2 Dental fricatives: RP /θ ð/ vs. PSp /θ/

4.2.2.3 Alveolar fricatives: RP /s z/ vs. PSp /s/

4.2.2.4 RP palato-alveolar fricatives /ʃ ʒ/

4.2.2.5 RP glottal fricative /h/

4.2.3 Affricates: RP /tʃ dʒ/ vs. PSp /tʃ/

4.2.4 Nasals: RP /m n ŋ/ vs. PSp /m n ɲ/

4.2.5 Approximants

4.2.5.1 Liquids: RP /r l/ vs. PSp /r ɾ l ʎ/

4.2.5.2 Glide consonants /j w/

Further reading

Exercises

5 Segment Dynamics: Aspects of Connected Speech

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Co-articulation and allophonic variations of vowels and consonants

5.2.1 Length

5.2.2 Voicing

5.2.3 Lip shape

5.2.4 Nasal resonance

5.2.5 Aspiration

5.2.6 Types of release

5.2.7 Place of articulation

5.2.8 Lenition and fortition

5.2.8.1 Affrication and fricativisation

5.2.8.2 Glottaling and glottalisation

5.3 Assimilation and phonemic variations

5.3.1 Place of articulation

5.3.2 Manner of articulation

5.3.3 Variations in voicing

5.3.4 Coalescent assimilation

5.4 Elision

5.5 Linking

5.6 Juncture

5.7 Gradation

5.7.1 Weak and strong forms

5.7.2 Neutralisation of weak forms

5.8 Advice to learners

Further reading

Exercises

6 Beyond the Segment: Stress, Rhythm and Intonation

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Stress and rhythm

6.2.1 Stress-timed languages versus syllable-timed languages

6.2.2 Word stress

6.2.2.1 Levels of stress

6.2.2.2 Placement of stress

6.2.3 Prosodic stress

6.2.3.1 Rhythmical variations

6.2.3.2 Usage

6.2.3.3 Emphatic and contrastive patterns

6.2.4 Nuclear stress

6.3 Intonation

6.3.1 Intonation groups and tonality

6.3.2 Structure of intonation groups and tonicity

6.3.3 Intonation patterns and tone

6.3.3.1 Simple tones: Falls and rises

6.3.3.2 Complex tones: Fall-rises and rise-falls

6.3.4 The functions of intonation

6.3.4.1 Attitudinal function

6.3.4.2 Accentual function

6.3.4.3 Grammatical function

6.3.4.4 Discourse function

6.3.4.5 Illocutionary function

6.3.4.6 Other functions

6.4 The prosody of English and Spanish compared and advice

6.4.1 Stress and rhythm

6.4.2 Intonation

Further reading

Exercises

7 Predicting Pronunciation from Spelling (and Vice Versa)

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Spelling-to-sound correspondences of vowels

7.2.1 Stressed vowels

7.2.1.1 Syllable division

7.2.1.2 The letter , and other V sounds: “Heavy” and “r-tense”

7.2.1.3 Different V sounds after /w/

7.2.1.4 Lax instead of tense

7.2.1.5 Tense instead of lax

7.2.1.6 Lax vs. heavy

7.2.1.7 Digraphs

7.2.2 Unstressed vowels

7.2.3 Silent V letters

7.3 Spelling-to-sound correspondences of consonants

7.3.1 Voicing and “silent” C letters

7.3.1.1 Voicing

7.3.1.2 Silent C letters

7.3.2 Summary

7.3.3 Other details of pronunciation

7.4 Sound-to-spelling correspondences

7.4.1 Vowels

7.4.2 Consonants

Further reading

Exercises

Further Exercises: Passages for Phonemic Transcription

Answer key

Exercises Chapters 1 to 7

Further exercises: Passages for Phonemic Transcription

References

Subject Index