Chapter
Chapter 3 : The structure of the noun phrase
pp.：
52 – 55
2. The defining features of the category noun
pp.：
55 – 55
3. Noun stems
pp.：
55 – 56
1. Introduction
pp.：
55 – 55
4. Derivational morphemes
pp.：
56 – 57
5. Modifying constructions
pp.：
57 – 60
6. Possessive pronouns
pp.：
60 – 68
7. Possession, kinship terms, and the addressee
pp.：
68 – 71
8. Attributive functions through the genitive marker
pp.：
71 – 74
9. Headless genitive constructions
pp.：
74 – 75
10. Grammaticalization of the preposition
pp.：
75 – 76
12. Modification through the relative marker
pp.：
76 – 78
11. Modification through juxtaposition of two nouns
pp.：
76 – 76
14. Modifying constructions and the preposition Iә́
pp.：
78 – 79
13. Modification by intensifiers
pp.：
78 – 78
15. Plural formation
pp.：
79 – 80
16. Coordinating construction through the associative
pp.：
80 – 83
17. Modification by quantifiers
pp.：
83 – 85
18. End-of-event marker and quantifiers
pp.：
85 – 88
19. Coding of the exclusion of other participants
pp.：
88 – 89
Chapter 4: The verb and its forms
pp.：
89 – 91
20. Conclusions
pp.：
89 – 89
2. Verbal stem
pp.：
91 – 91
1. Introduction
pp.：
91 – 91
3. The stative form of the verb
pp.：
91 – 92
4. Verb reduplication in the relative clause
pp.：
92 – 94
5. A non-productive suffix ù
pp.：
94 – 95
6. Conclusions
pp.：
95 – 96
Chapter 5: Argument coding
pp.：
96 – 97
1. Introduction
pp.：
97 – 97
2. The category subject
pp.：
97 – 97
3. Existential predicates
pp.：
97 – 98
4. Subject pronouns
pp.：
98 – 101
5. Possessive subject pronouns
pp.：
101 – 106
6. Pleonastic subjects
pp.：
106 – 111
7. Arguments of the transitive verb: coding the direct object
pp.：
111 – 112
8. Object coding in hypothetical and deontic moods and in past tense
pp.：
112 – 113
9. Absence of an object
pp.：
113 – 114
10. Coding of object in sequential clauses
pp.：
114 – 115
11. Pronominal objects
pp.：
115 – 117
12. Coding coreferentiality of subject and object
pp.：
117 – 121
13. Coding the internal state of the subject
pp.：
121 – 122
14. Argument structure of verbs of emotional states
pp.：
122 – 123
15. Dative
pp.：
123 – 126
16. Coding reciprocity
pp.：
126 – 134
17. Conclusions
pp.：
134 – 136
Chapter 6: Coding the event from the point of view of subject
pp.：
136 – 137
1. The form of the point of view of subject marker
pp.：
137 – 137
2. The function of the point of view of the subject
pp.：
137 – 138
3. Point of view of the subject and speaker’s empathy
pp.：
138 – 141
4. Conclusions
pp.：
141 – 143
Chapter 7: Locative predication and locative complements
pp.：
143 – 145
1. Introduction
pp.：
145 – 145
2. Functions of coding means in locative predication
pp.：
145 – 147
3. Genitive construction in the locative phrase
pp.：
147 – 153
4. Locative deictics and anaphors
pp.：
153 – 158
5. Prepositional form of pronouns
pp.：
158 – 161
6. Preposition kә́
pp.：
161 – 162
7. Preposition mbéh
pp.：
162 – 164
8. Preposition ί
pp.：
164 – 165
10. Preposition gә̀dáŋ ‘under’
pp.：
165 – 166
9. Coding the locative source
pp.：
165 – 165
11. Preposition ndòŋ ‘bottom, inside’
pp.：
166 – 167
13. [+human] nouns as locatives and the preposition r
pp.：
167 – 168
12. Prepositions dùwә́ŋ ‘back’ and kә̀bә́m, ‘in front’
pp.：
167 – 167
14. From “hand” to preposition: the grammaticalization of r
pp.：
168 – 170
15. Direction toward the indirect object: the auxiliary rá
pp.：
170 – 171
16. Conclusions
pp.：
171 – 172
Chapter 8: Adjuncts
pp.：
172 – 175
3. The associative phrase
pp.：
175 – 176
2. The topical adjunct
pp.：
175 – 175
1. Introduction
pp.：
175 – 175
4. Associative through adverbial expressions
pp.：
176 – 178
5. Adverbs yà and yә́m ‘also’
pp.：
178 – 180
6. Adverbs of time
pp.：
180 – 182
7. Adverbs of reason
pp.：
182 – 185
8. Adverbs of manner
pp.：
185 – 186
9. The scope of the adverb tátà ‘alone, only’
pp.：
186 – 187
10. Adding a beneficiary
pp.：
187 – 188
12. Cognate adverbs
pp.：
188 – 189
11. Adverb bà ‘again’
pp.：
188 – 188
13. Conclusions
pp.：
189 – 190
Chapter 9: Goal-orientation extension
pp.：
190 – 191
3. Function of the goal orientation extension
pp.：
191 – 193
2. The form of the goal orientation extension
pp.：
191 – 191
1. Introduction
pp.：
191 – 191
4. Grammaticalization of the goal orientation marker
pp.：
193 – 197
5. Conclusions
pp.：
197 – 198
Chapter 10: Tenses
pp.：
198 – 199
2. Future tenses
pp.：
199 – 200
1. Introduction
pp.：
199 – 199
3. Independent past tense
pp.：
200 – 208
4. The independent past-plural tense
pp.：
208 – 211
5. Unmarked tense/aspect
pp.：
211 – 212
6. Dependent past tense
pp.：
212 – 214
7. Conclusions
pp.：
214 – 216
Chapter 11: Aspects
pp.：
216 – 219
1. Introduction
pp.：
219 – 219
2. Independent habitual
pp.：
219 – 220
3. Dependent habitual
pp.：
220 – 223
4. Perfect
pp.：
223 – 231
5. The terminative aspect
pp.：
231 – 236
7. The intentional aspect
pp.：
236 – 238
6. The completive aspect
pp.：
236 – 236
8. Verbs with inherent tense and aspectual values
pp.：
238 – 239
9. The iterative aspect
pp.：
239 – 242
10. Inceptive aspect
pp.：
242 – 244
11. The unmarked aspect
pp.：
244 – 244
12. Conclusions
pp.：
244 – 245
Chapter 12: Modality
pp.：
245 – 247
3. Emotive modality
pp.：
247 – 249
1. Introduction
pp.：
247 – 247
2. Epistemic modality
pp.：
247 – 247
4. Imperative
pp.：
249 – 251
5. Polite orders
pp.：
251 – 257
6. Debitive mood
pp.：
257 – 258
7. Coding the mood of obligation through the infinitive
pp.：
258 – 263
8. Coding the mood of obligation through possessive constructions
pp.：
263 – 264
9. Coding the mood of obligation through modal adverbs
pp.：
264 – 265
10. Comment clause
pp.：
265 – 266
11. Coding counterexpectation
pp.：
266 – 267
12. Conclusions
pp.：
267 – 268
Chapter 13: End-of-event coding
pp.：
268 – 269
1. Introduction
pp.：
269 – 269
3. The function of the end-of-event marker
pp.：
269 – 270
2. The form and syntax of the end-of-event marker
pp.：
269 – 269
4. The end-of-event marker in protasis clauses
pp.：
270 – 274
5. Evidence from the absence of the end-of-event marker
pp.：
274 – 276
6. The end-of-event and the negative clause
pp.：
276 – 278
7. Grammaticalization sources of the end-of-event marker
pp.：
278 – 279
8. Conclusions
pp.：
279 – 280
Chapter 14: Negation
pp.：
280 – 281
1. Common formal characteristics of negation
pp.：
281 – 281
2. Coding the scope of negation
pp.：
281 – 282
3. Negation of verbless clauses
pp.：
282 – 282
4. Negation and future tenses
pp.：
282 – 283
5. Negation and the dependent aspect
pp.：
283 – 284
6. Negation of the perfect
pp.：
284 – 285
7. Negation of the habitual
pp.：
285 – 287
8. Prohibitive
pp.：
287 – 288
9. Negation with interrogative
pp.：
288 – 289
10. Negative adverb wílkíl ‘fail’
pp.：
289 – 290
11. Conclusions
pp.：
290 – 291
Chapter 15: Verbless clauses
pp.：
291 – 293
3. Identificational clauses
pp.：
293 – 295
1. Introduction
pp.：
293 – 293
2. Equational clauses
pp.：
293 – 293
4. Equational clauses with possessive predicate
pp.：
295 – 296
5. Time coding in equational clause
pp.：
296 – 297
6. Adjectival predicates
pp.：
297 – 298
7. Plurality coding through reduplication
pp.：
298 – 302
8. Possessive propositions: X has Y
pp.：
302 – 302
9. The locative proposition: X is located at Y
pp.：
302 – 304
10. Existential predication
pp.：
304 – 305
Chapter 16: Interrogative clauses
pp.：
305 – 307
11. Conclusions
pp.：
305 – 305
3. Questions about the truth with presuppositions
pp.：
307 – 310
1. Introduction
pp.：
307 – 307
2. Questions about the truth
pp.：
307 – 307
5. The categoriality of interrogative markers
pp.：
310 – 323
4. Specific questions
pp.：
310 – 310
6. Conclusions
pp.：
323 – 323
Chapter 17: Reference system
pp.：
323 – 325
2. Phrase internal and phrase final forms of pronouns and deteminers
pp.：
325 – 325
1. Introduction
pp.：
325 – 325
4. Full noun phrase as subject
pp.：
327 – 332
5. Use of pronouns in reference system
pp.：
332 – 335
6. Full noun phrase as the object
pp.：
335 – 339
7. Object coding in non-finite clauses
pp.：
339 – 340
8. The domain of known referent
pp.：
340 – 343
9. The domain of deduced referent
pp.：
343 – 348
10. The remote previous mention marker nákáhà
pp.：
348 – 354
11. Coding indefiniteness
pp.：
354 – 357
12. Locative anaphora
pp.：
357 – 358
13. Entity anaphor and switch reference
pp.：
358 – 360
14. Conclusions
pp.：
360 – 365
Chapter 18: Focus constructions
pp.：
365 – 367
1. Introduction
pp.：
367 – 367
2. Focus on the subject
pp.：
367 – 367
3. Focus on the object
pp.：
367 – 369
4. Focus on object pronouns
pp.：
369 – 370
5. Focus on an adverbial expression
pp.：
370 – 371
7. Conclusions
pp.：
371 – 375
6. Focus on the predicate
pp.：
371 – 371
Chapter 19: Topicalization
pp.：
375 – 377
3. Establishing the topic within a discourse
pp.：
377 – 378
2. Establishing the topic of a story or narrative
pp.：
377 – 377
1. Introduction
pp.：
377 – 377
4. Borrowed markers of topicalization
pp.：
378 – 380
6. Non-propositional topics
pp.：
380 – 382
5. Topicalization of pronominal subjects
pp.：
380 – 380
7. Aspect in the comment on the topic
pp.：
382 – 383
8. Topicalization of the object
pp.：
383 – 384
9. Topicalization of adjuncts
pp.：
384 – 386
10. Conclusions
pp.：
386 – 387
Chapter 20: Parataxis
pp.：
387 – 389
3. Conjunction míd
pp.：
389 – 392
1. Introduction
pp.：
389 – 389
2. Asyndetic conjoining
pp.：
389 – 389
4. Sequential events coding through the auxiliary nd ‘go’
pp.：
392 – 393
4. The propositional relator ko
pp.：
393 – 398
5. Conclusions
pp.：
398 – 399
Chapter 21: Complementation
pp.：
399 – 401
3. Complements of volitional verbs
pp.：
401 – 414
2. Complements of verbs of saying
pp.：
401 – 401
1. Introduction
pp.：
401 – 401
4. Object-to-object raising
pp.：
414 – 417
5. Complements of verbs of perception
pp.：
417 – 417
6. Complements of verbs of knowing
pp.：
417 – 420
7. Infinitival complements
pp.：
420 – 421
7. Conclusions
pp.：
421 – 423
Chapter 22: Temporal and conditional clauses
pp.：
423 – 524
2. Temporal protasis
pp.：
425 – 425
3. Temporal protasis coding through demonstratives
pp.：
425 – 427
4. Temporal apodosis
pp.：
427 – 428
5. Specific time relationships
pp.：
428 – 429
6. Conditional clauses
pp.：
429 – 430
7. Conditional apodosis
pp.：
430 – 435
8. Conclusions
pp.：
435 – 437
Chapter 23: Purpose, reason, and conclusion clauses
pp.：
437 – 439
3. Reason clauses
pp.：
439 – 440
2. Purpose clause
pp.：
439 – 439
1. Introduction
pp.：
439 – 439
4. Conclusion clause
pp.：
440 – 441
5. Conclusions
pp.：
441 – 441
Chapter 24: Comparative constructions
pp.：
441 – 443
3. Unequal equational clause predicates
pp.：
443 – 445
2. Equal comparisons
pp.：
443 – 443
1. Introduction
pp.：
443 – 443
4. Unequal comparison with verbal predicates
pp.：
445 – 446
5. Conclusions
pp.：
446 – 447
Chapter 25: Relative clause
pp.：
447 – 449
2. Clause-final demonstratives
pp.：
449 – 450
1. Introduction
pp.：
449 – 449
3. Relativization of the object
pp.：
450 – 452
4. Relativization of the dative
pp.：
452 – 454
6. Relativization of possessor
pp.：
454 – 455
5. Relativization of the instrumental
pp.：
454 – 454
9. Conclusions
pp.：
455 – 456
7. Relativization of the topic of a verb of saying
pp.：
455 – 455
8. Relativization of locative and temporal adjuncts
pp.：
455 – 455
Chapter 26: Elements of discourse structure
pp.：
456 – 457
2. Comment clause
pp.：
457 – 457
3. Comment on topic
pp.：
457 – 457
4. Comment in parataxis
pp.：
457 – 458
1. Introduction
pp.：
457 – 457
5. Comment with complementation
pp.：
458 – 459
6. Comment marker and emotive modality marker
pp.：
459 – 460
7. Change of scene
pp.：
460 – 461
8. New action and its consequence
pp.：
461 – 466
9. Conclusions
pp.：
466 – 471
Text 2. The four men
pp.：
473 – 476
Text 1. The year of hunger
pp.：
473 – 473
Text 3. The three men
pp.：
476 – 479
Text 4. In the time of famine
pp.：
479 – 482
Text 5. A frog and a buffalo
pp.：
482 – 511
References
pp.：
521 – 527
1. Introduction
pp.：
524 – 425
A Grammar of Mina
( Mouton Grammar Library MGL )
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