The ATLAS3D project – XI. Dense molecular gas properties of CO-luminous early-type galaxies

Author： Crocker Alison   Krips Melanie   Bureau Martin   Young Lisa M.   Davis Timothy A.   Bayet Estelle   Alatalo Katherine   Blitz Leo   Bois Maxime   Bournaud Frédéric   Cappellari Michele   Davies Roger L.   de Zeeuw P. T.   Duc Pierre-Alain   Emsellem Eric   Khochfar Sadegh   Krajnović Davor   Kuntschner Harald   Lablanche Pierre-Yves   McDermid Richard M.   Morganti Raffaella   Naab Thorsten   Oosterloo Tom   Sarzi Marc   Scott Nicholas   Serra Paolo   Weijmans Anne-Marie  

Publisher： Oxford University Press

ISSN： 0035-8711

Source： Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol.421, Iss.2, 2012-04, pp. : 1298-1314

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Abstract

ABSTRACTSurveying 18 12CO-bright galaxies from the ATLAS3D early-type galaxy sample with the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30-m telescope, we detect 13CO(1–0) and 13CO(2–1) in all 18 galaxies, HCN(1–0) in 12/18 and HCO+(1–0) in 10/18. We find that the line ratios 12CO(1–0)/13CO(1–0) and 12CO(1–0)/HCN(1–0) are clearly correlated with several galaxy properties: total stellar mass, luminosity-weighted mean stellar age, molecular-to-atomic gas ratio, dust temperature and dust morphology. We suggest that these correlations are primarily governed by the optical depth in the 12CO lines; interacting, accreting and/or starbursting early-type galaxies have more optically thin molecular gas while those with settled dust and gas discs host optically thick molecular gas. The ranges of the integrated line intensity ratios generally overlap with those of spirals, although we note some outliers in the 12CO(1–0)/13CO(1–0), 12CO(2–1)/13CO(2–1) and HCN/HCO+(1–0) ratios. In particular, three galaxies are found to have very low 12CO(1–0)/13CO(1–0) and 12CO(2–1)/13CO(2–1) ratios. Such low ratios may signal particularly stable molecular gas which creates stars less efficiently than ‘normal’ (i.e. below Schmidt–Kennicutt prediction), consistent with the low dust temperatures seen in these galaxies.

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