“When I Count to Four …”: James Brown, Kraftwerk, and the Practice of Musical Time Keeping before Techno

Author: Reinecke David  

Publisher: Routledge Ltd

ISSN: 0300-7766

Source: Popular Music & Society, Vol.32, Iss.5, 2009-12, pp. : 607-616

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Abstract

This paper examines the set of musical, social, and technical practices that later became essential for producing techno. In particular, the focus is on how musicians kept time, drawing from examples of James Brown and Kraftwerk. Only at the intersection of Brown's human-centered approach and Kraftwerk's machine-oriented method are the resulting musical practices of techno made understandable.