Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. General Context

1.1.1. General

1.1.2. Background and Aim of the Study

1.2. Legal Context

1.3. Policy Context

1.3.1. The Perspective of the Member States

1.3.2. The Perspective of the International Maritime Community

1.3.3. The Perspective(s) of the EU Institutions

1.4. Scope and Delimitation

1.5. Method and Materials

1.5.1. General

1.5.2. International Law

1.5.3. EU Law

Chapter 2: Introduction to the EU Maritime Safety Policy

2.1. General

2.2. The Early Days (pre-1993)

2.2.1. The Early Common Maritime Transport Policy

2.2.2. The Early Maritime Safety Policy

2.3. The Establishment of a Common Maritime Safety Policy (1993–1999)

2.3.1. The First Active Years (1993–1996)

2.3.2. A Policy of Restraint (1996–1999)

2.4. More Assertive Responses to Particular Accidents (2000–2005)

2.4.1. The Erika

2.4.2. The Express Samina

2.4.3. The Prestige

2.5. The Latest Developments

2.5.1. The 'Erika 3' Proposals

2.5.2. Horizontal Oceans Policy Initiatives

Chapter 3: The European Community and International Law

3.1. Introduction

3.2. External Competence

3.2.1. Treaty-Making Competence

3.2.2. Exclusive External Competence

3.2.3. Exclusivity Following from 'Necessity' (Opinion 1/76 Exclusivity)

3.2.4. Exclusivity Following from Secondary Legislation (AETR Exclusivity)

3.2.5. Conclusion

3.3. The Community's Participation in International Maritime Agreements

3.3.1. General

3.3.2. The Theory

3.3.3. Implications for the Relationship between the EC and the IMO

3.3.4. Assessment

3.4. The Effects of International Agreements in Community Law

3.4.1. General

3.4.2. International Conventions "Forming an Integral Part of the Community Legal Order"

3.4.3. Special Considerations with Respect to Mixed Agreements

3.4.4. Agreements to which Only Member States are Parties

3.4.5. Customary International Law

3.4.6. Conclusion

3.5. The International Law Perspective

3.5.1. General

3.5.2. The Community in International Law

3.5.3. Mixed Agreements

3.5.4. A ttribution of Responsibility Under International Law

3.5.5. Conclusion on the Community's Responsibility Under International Law

3.6. Conclusion

Chapter 4: The EU Acting as a Flag State

4.1. Flag State Jurisdiction in International Law

4.2. EU Action as a Flag State/Register

4.2.1. General

4.2.2. Implementing International Rules

4.2.3. Complementing the International Requirements

4.2.4. Separate EU Rules for Ships Flying the Flag of a Member State

4.2.5. Extending the External Implications of EU Flag State Measures

4.2.6. Concluding Observations

Chapter 5: The EU Acting as a Port State

5.1. Legal Overview of Port State Jurisdiction

5.1.1. Introduction

5.1.2. General International Law

5.1.3. UNCLOS on Port State Jurisdiction

5.1.4. IMO Conventions and Port States' Regulatory Rights

5.1.5. Other Relevant Principles of International Law

5.1.6. Other Treaties of Potential Relevance

5.1.7. Policy Considerations

5.1.8. Conclusions

5.2. Survey of Requirements Imposed on Ships Entering EU Ports

5.2.1. Introduction

5.2.2. R equiring Compliance with Generally Accepted International Rules

5.2.3. Reducing the Requirement of General Acceptance of the International Rules

5.2.4. Complementing the International Rules

5.2.5. Competing with the International Rules

5.2.6. Conclusions on Port State Prescription

5.3. Survey of Port State Enforcement Measures

5.3.1. Introduction

5.3.2. Verifi cation of Compliance

5.3.3. Consequences of Non-Compliance

5.3.4. Conditions for Operating Passenger Ship Services: Developing the Concept of 'Host State'

5.3.5. Refusal of Access to EU Ports

5.3.6. Criminal Sanctions

5.3.7. Conclusions on Port State Enforcement

5.4. Legal Assessment of Certain EU Port State Measures

5.4.1. Introduction

5.4.2. Discharge Standards: Pollution Sanctions

5.4.3. 'Static' (Non-Operational) Requirements

5.4.4. Regulating Extraterritorial Conduct

5.4.5. Conclusions

5.5. Concluding Remarks on Port State Jurisdiction

Chapter 6: The EU Acting as a Coastal State

6.1. Coastal State Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea

6.1.1. Introduction

6.1.2. The Territorial Sea

6.1.3. International Straits

6.1.4. The EEZ

6.1.5. References to International Rules

6.1.6. Conclusion

6.2. Discharge Standards

6.2.1. General

6.2.2. Exceeding the International Standards (1): Directive 2005/35

6.2.3. Exceeding the International Standards (2): Directive 2005/33

6.2.4. Conclusions on Discharge Standards

6.3. Navigational Measures

6.3.1. General

6.3.2. Ships' Routeing Systems

6.3.3. Ship Reporting

6.3.4. Enforcement

6.3.5. Conclusions

6.4. Protected Areas

6.4.1. PSSAs

6.4.2. Other Protected Areas

6.4.3. Conclusion

6.5. Other Coastal State Measures

6.5.1. CDEM Rules

6.5.2. Other Rules

6.6. Incidents and Accidents

6.6.1. General

6.6.2. Reporting of Incidents at Sea

6.6.3. Intervention Following Accidents

6.6.4. Accident Investigation

6.7. Regulating Transiting Ships Th rough Port State Requirements

6.8. Concluding Remarks

Chapter 7: Concluding Observations

7.1. Conclusions

7.1.1. General

7.1.2. EU Maritime Safety Legislation and International Law

7.2. EU Law Perspectives on the Development of the EU's Maritime Safety Policy

7.2.1. The Internal Perspective

7.2.2. The External Perspective

7.3. International Law Perspectives on the Policy's Development

7.3.1. General International Law

7.3.2. The Law of the Sea

7.4. Future Developments

Appendix

Bibliography

Index