Contents

Foreword by Efthimios E. Mitropoulos

Foreword by Andreas I. Chrysostomou

Preface by Erik Røsaeg

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Biopollution and Ballast Water

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Defi nitions and Use of Terms

2.3. Scientific Aspects on Biopollution (Erkki Leppäkoski)

2.4. From Pollution to Biopollution of the Marine Environment

2.4.1. Resolutions, Declarations and Principles

2.4.2. Treaties

2.5. Conclusion

Chapter 3: Evolution of the International Law on Biopollution

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Customary International Law

3.2.1. Material Element of Customary Rules and State Practice

3.2.2. Subjective Element (Opinio juris sive necessitatis)

3.2.3. Customary International Law and Ballast Water

3.2.4. Conclusions Regarding Customary International Law

3.3. Treaty Law

3.3.1. International Health Regulations

3.3.2. International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships

3.3.3. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

3.3.4. Convention on Biological Diversity

3.3.5. Conclusions Regarding Treaty Law

3.4. Conclusion

Chapter 4: IMO and Codifi cation of the International Law on Ballast Water Management

4.1. The IMO and its Treaty-making Procedures (Gaetano Librando)

4.1.1. Safety Conventions

4.1.2. Pollution Prevention Conventions

4.1.3. Legal Treaties

4.1.4. Adopting a Convention

4.1.5. Entry into Force

4.2. The IMO Resolutions

4.2.1. Introduction

4.2.2. Juridical Nature of Resolutions of International Organizations

4.2.3. Juridical Nature of the IMO Resolutions on Ballast Water

4.2.4. The IMO Resolutions on Ballast Water and National Law

4.2.5. The Evolution of the IMO Resolutions on Ballast Water

4.2.6. Resolution 18, Research into the Eff ect of Discharge of Ballast Water Containing Bacteria of Epidemic Diseases (31 October 1973)

4.2.7. IMO Assembly Resolution A.774(18), Guidelines for Preventing the Introduction of Unwanted Organisms and Pathogens from Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments Discharges (4 November 1993)

4.2.8. IMO Assembly Resolution A.868(20), Guidelines for the Control and Management Ship's Ballast Water to Minimize the Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens (27 November 1997)

4.2.9. Conclusions Regarding the IMO Resolutions

4.3. The 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments

4.3.1. Introduction

4.3.2. Text

4.3.3. Application

4.3.4. Defi nitions

4.3.5. Principles

4.3.5.1. The Precautionary Principle

4.3.5.2. International Cooperation and Transfer of Technology

4.3.5.3. The No Harm Principle: Prohibition of Transboundary Pollution

4.3.6. Flag State Obligations and Jurisdiction

4.3.6.1. Obligations

4.3.6.2. Jurisdiction

4.3.7. Port and Coastal States Obligations and Rights

4.3.7.1. Sediment Reception Facilities

4.3.7.2. Communication of Information

4.3.7.3. Inspection

4.3.7.4. Protected Areas (Tier 2)

4.3.8. Procedures for Port State Control

4.3.9. Port and Coastal States' Jurisdiction

4.3.10. Annex

4.3.10.1. Section A – General Provisions

4.3.10.2. Section B – Management and Control Requirement for Ships

4.3.10.3. Section C – Special Requirement in Certain Areas

4.3.10.4. Section D – Standards for Ballast Water Management

4.3.10.5. Section E – Survey and Certifi cation Requirements for Ballast Water Management

4.3.11. Guidelines

4.3.12. Entry into Force

4.3.13. Amendments

4.3.14. Dispute Settlement Provisions

4.3.15. Sovereignty and the BWM Convention

4.3.16. Conclusions Regarding the BWM Convention

4.4. Conclusion

Chapter 5: GloBallast Legislative Review: Brazilian Case Study

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Unilateral Acts and Ballast Water

5.3. The Brazilian GloBallast Legislative Review

5.3.1. Executive Summary

5.3.2. Brazilian Legal Framework

5.3.3. Conclusions

Chapter 6: Conclusion

Bibliography

Annexes

Annex I: International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004

Annex II: Guidelines required under the BWM Convention and adopted by IMO/MEPC Resolutions

Resolution MEPC.152(55), Guidelines for Sediment Reception Facilities (G1) (Guidelines on Ballast Water Sampling (G2) (pending))

Resolution MEPC.123(53), Guidelines for Ballast Water Management Equivalent Compliance (G3)

Resolution MEPC.127(53), Guidelines for Ballast Water Management and Development of Ballast Water Management Plans (G4)

Resolution MEPC.153(55), Guidelines for Ballast Water Reception Facilities (G5)

Resolution MEPC.124(53), Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange (G6)

Resolution MEPC.162(56), Guidelines for Risk Assessment Under Regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention (G7)

Resolution MEPC.125(53), Guidelines for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems (G8)

Resolution MEPC.126(53), Procedure for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems that Make Use of Active Substances (G9)

Resolution MEPC.140(54), Guidelines for Approval and Oversight of Prototype Ballast Water Treatment Technology Programmes (G10)

Resolution MEPC.149(55), Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange Design and Construction Standards (G11)

Resolution MEPC.150(55), Guidelines on Design and Construction to Facilitate Sediment Control on Ships (G12)

Resolution MEPC.161(56), Guidelines for Additional Measures Regarding Ballast Water Management Including Emergency Situations (G13)

Resolution MEPC.151(55), Guidelines on Designation of Areas for Ballast Water Exchange (G14) (Guidelines for Port State Control (pending))

Resolution MEPC.56/23 Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange in the Antarctic Treaty Area (Guidelines for Flag State Surveys and Inspections (pending))

Annex III: IMO Resolution A.868(20), 1997, Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water to Minimize the Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens

Annex IV: Draft of National Legislation on Ballast Water

Index