List of photographs

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations and acronyms

Introduction

Interdisciplinary perspectives on monuments

Monument and memorial

Structure of this book

1 Cultural heritage conservation and policy

Introduction

Biased heritage landscape

Monuments and the 'soft revolution'

Developing conservation policy in a 'new' South Africa

Respecting the symbolic markers of the old order

The need for old monuments as points of reference

New heritage legislation

2 Paying tribute: The first public memorials to the victims of the liberation movements

Introduction

Competition ANC – PAC

Mamelodi township

Umkhonto memorial

Contestation

PAC memorial initiative

Pointing to the dead

Rival stakeholders in the representation of the past

Conclusion

3 Coming to terms with trauma: The TRC and memorials to the victims of apartheid violence

Introduction

Apartheid violence and its victims

Symbolic gestures of reconciliation

The need for truth and reconciliation

Material and symbolic reparations

The role of memorials in individual and group mourning

Acknowledging loss and suffering

Dealing with trauma

Discomforting memories

Conclusion

4 Imagining community through bereavement: The institutionalisation of traumatic memory

Introduction

Upgrading Solomon Mahlangu square

Public holidays and 'shrines of the nation'

Sharpeville Human Rights Precinct

The Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum

Remembering June 16: Pars pro toto

Design and symbolism of the memorial

The Museum

Memorials turned monuments?

Commodification

Party-political appropriation

Community identification with newly installed heritage

Conclusion

5 Dealing with the commemorative legacy of the past

Introduction

Destruction, damage and vandalism

The removal of Verwoerd statues and busts

Relocating monuments

Dealing with soviet-era statues in post-communist societies

The concept of statue parks in post-apartheid South Africa

Re-interpretation

Case study: The Terrorism Memorial in Pretoria

Recasting personalities

Re-positioning the VTM

Conclusion

6 Defining national identity with heritage: The National Legacy Project

Foundation myth of the post-apartheid nation

The National Legacy Project: Constitutive phase

Portfolio of Legacy Projects and Consultation

Three priority legacy projects

Finalising the canon

Proposed New Legacy Projects

Conclusion

7 Freedom Park as national site of identification

Early conceptualisation

The symbolism of the site

Design and consultation

Site orientation and Isivivane

The Sikhumbuto and the Wall of Names

Designing an authentic African monument?

Inclusion/exclusion

Contestation and counter monuments

Who will visit Freedom Park?

Conclusion

8 Celebrating 'mothers of the nation': The Monument to the Women of South Africa in Pretoria

Introduction

Historical background of the 1956 Women's March

Nasionale Vrouemonument in Bloemfontein

Historical background of the Pretoria monument initiative

Countering the Vrouemonument

Inclusions/exclusions

Under-representation of women's contributions

Criteria for heroism

Commemorating remarkable women throughout the nation

Humility and other visual characteristics of women's memorials

Conclusion

9 Africanising the symbolic landscape: Post-apartheid monuments as 'critical response'

Introduction

The Battle of Blood River and its commemoration

Blood River museum initiative

Ncome's inclusion in the National Legacy Project

Ncome as a symbol of reconciliation

Ncome as response to Blood River

Museum exhibition

Ncome: Success or failure?

Multiple interpretations

Countering contested heritage

Monuments as critical response versus 'counter-monuments'

Imitating western models of commemoration

Some examples of monuments as critical response: Battlefield memorials

Public statuary as critical response

Conclusion

10 Commodification, tourism and the need for visual markers

Introduction

Tourism, heritage and identity

Tourism as a lifeline for contested heritage

Spirit of eMakhosini: Intangible heritage and the need for visual markers

Nelson Mandela as a tourist attraction: Freedom Statue in Port Elizabeth

Other Mandela statue initiatives

Monuments and the symbolic reshaping of the urban environment

Statues and name changes: Tshwane

Conclusion

Conclusion

References

Table of post-apartheid monuments

Index