Introduction

A Public International Law & Humanitarian Law

I Secession - A Legal Approach by Marcelo G. Kohen

1 Secession: Broad and Strict Conceptions

2 International Law: Its' Increasing Role Regarding Secession

3 The Impact of Fundamental Principles of International Law

4 Secession between Effectiveness and Recognition

5 Conclusion

II L'articulation du droit international humanitaire et des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels en temps d'occupation par Sylvain Vité

1 Introduction

2 L'applicabilitédes droits économiques, sociaux et culturels en temps d'occupation

3 L'adaptabilitédes droits économiques, sociaux et culturels en temps d'occupation

3.1 La mise en œuvre progressive des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels

3.2 Le bien-être général de la population

4 Les limites posées à l'adaptation des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels en temps d'occupation

4.1 Les limites posées par le droit de l'occupation

4.1.1 L'intangibilitédes droits reconnus par le régime de l'occupation

4.1.2 La continuitédu droit en vigueur dans le territoire occupé

4.2 Les limites inhérentes aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels

4.2.1 Les obligations ayant un effet immédiat

4.2.2 L'interdiction des mesures régressive

4.2.3 Le contenu essentiel des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels

5 Conclusion

III Le Conseil de sécurité face à la protection des civils dans les conflits armés par Gloria Gaggioli et Robert Kolb

1 Introduction

2 Présentation et cadre juridique des résolutions sur la protection des civils dans les conflits armés

2.1 Contenu des résolutions

2.2 Fondement juridique

2.2.1 Pouvoirs spécifiques ou généraux / implicites?

2.2.2 Décision ou recommandation?

2.3 Légalité

2.3.1 Fonctions et pouvoirs du Conseil et de l'Assemblée: Vision statique ou dynamique?

2.3.2 Résolutions 'quasi-législatives': Conseil ou seulement Assemblée?

3 Effets juridiques consacrant le rôle catalyseur du droit international humanitaire et des droits humains

3.1 La 'menace contre la paix' et la 'sécurité humaine': La faculté d'agir en vertu du Chapitre VII

3.2 La responsabilitéde protéger: Obligations positives d'agir en vertu du Chapitre VII?

3.3 Protection et promotion du droit international humanitaire et des droits humains

3.3.1 A travers les opérations de paix du Conseil de sécurité

3.3.2 Le développement du droit à travers les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité

4 Effets juridiques consacrant le rôle de frein du droit international humanitaire et des droits humains

4.1 Les limites de caractère humanitaire

4.2 Une reconnaissance implicite du rôle de frein

4.2.1 A travers l'engagement d'adopter des dérogations humanitaires

4.2.2 A travers l'adoption de mesures visant au respect des règles de caractère humanitaire par les forces onusiennes

5 Conclusion

B International Human Rights Law

IV 'Extraordinary Renditions', Diplomatic Assurances and the Principle of Non-Refoulement by Manfred Nowak

1 Introduction

2 The Prohibition of Refoulement under International Law

3 Trends of Undermining the Absolute Prohibition of Torture and Non-Refoulement in the Fight against Terrorism

4 Practice of 'Extraordinary Renditions'

5 Practice of Diplomatic Assurances

6 Conclusion

V Actes de gouvernement et droits de l'homme: L'affaire Marković par Lucius Caflisch

1 Introduction

2 L'affaire Marković

2.1 Procédure

2.2 Exceptions préliminaires du Gouvernement défendeur

2.3 Applicabilité et observation de l'article 6 de la CEDH: Arguments des requérants

2.4 Applicabilité et observation de l'article 6: Arguments du Gouvernement

2.5 Applicabilité et observation de l'article 6: Thèses des intervenants

2.6 Appréciation de la Cour

2.6.1 Principes généraux

2.6.2 Applicabilité de l'article 6

2.6.3 Observation de l'article 6

2.7 Opinion dissidente et opinions concordantes

2.7.1 Opinion dissidente du juge Zagrebelsky

2.7.2 Opinion concordante du juge Costa

2.7.3 Opinion concordante du juge Sir Nicolas Bratza

2.8 Résumé

3 Nature de la doctrine de l'acte de gouvernement et application de celle-ci dans les ordres juridiques nationaux

3.1 Immunité et acte de gouvernement

3.2 La doctrine de l'acte de gouvernement

3.3 Résumé

4 L'affaire Marković et la doctrine de l'acte de gouvernement: Observations finales

VI Filling the Gaps -Contributions by the Human Rights Committee to the Fight Against Torture by Walter Kälin

1 Overview

2 Torture in the Context of Fair Trial Guarantees

3 Torture and Inhuman Treatment in the Context of Disappearances and the Death Penalty

4 Torture by Private Actors

5 Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment

6 Conclusion

VII Combating Racism - A Call for Justice by Daniel Thürer and Lorenz Langer

1 A Question of Justice

2 Racist Speech: Different Approaches and Tensions between Constitutional and Human Rights Law

2.1 Two Conceptual Models

2.1.1 The Optimist's Approach: The Unbridled Market of Ideas

2.1.2 The Realist's Approach: Some Things Must Remain Unsaid

2.1.3 Differing Approaches - Similar Results

2.2 The European Framework: National vs. Community Approach

2.2.1 European States and their Differing Legal Traditions

2.2.2 The Council of Europe and its Commission against Racism and Intolerance

2.2.3 Combating Racism in the European Union

3 Problem-Solving in a Practical Context

VIII The Principle of Non-Discrimination in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights by Barbara Wilson

1 Introduction

2 Different Interpretations of the Principle of Non-Discrimination

2.1 The Traditionally Negative Interpretation

2.2 Justification of Discrimination

2.3 A Positive Interpretation

2.4 De Jure and de Facto Discrimination

2.5 Multiple or Double Discrimination

2.6 Direct and Indirect Discrimination

3 The Implementation of the Principle of Non-Discrimination in Relation to the Substantive Rights of the Covenant

3.1 Nature and Scope of Article 2, Paragraph 2

3.2 Prohibited Motives for Discrimination Combined with Substantive Rights

3.2.1 Race

3.2.2 Sex

3.2.3 Language

3.2.4 Religion

3.2.5 Political or Other Opinion

3.2.6 National or Social Origin

3.2.7 Property

3.2.8 Birth

3.2.9 Other Status

3.3 Obligations of State Parties

3.3.1 General Obligations

3.3.2 Specific Obligations

3.4 International Cooperation and Assistance

4 Concluding Remarks

IX Inclusion and Exclusion. The Difference in the Notion of 'National' in the Framework of Minority Rights Regimes by Maurice D. Voyame

1 Conceptualisation

2 General Overview: Minority Rights and Protection

2.1 Objective Criterion

2.2 Subjective Criterion

3 The United Nations Minority Rights and Protection Regime

4 The Council of Europe Area, the OSCE and the Notion of the Term 'National'

4.1 The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

4.2 The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

4.3 The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities & the Hungarian Minority Rights Act

4.3.1 The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM)

4.3.2 The Hungarian Minority Rights Act

5 Conclusion

X Quinze ans d'une nouvelle dynamique contre le racisme et en faveur de la protection des minorités en Europe par Doris Angst

1 1993: L'année décisive

2 La Commission européenne contre le racisme et l'intolérance (ECRI)

3 La lutte contre le racisme par le droit

4 La Convention - Cadre pour la protection des minorités nationales

5 Vers une approche compréhensive

C Human Rights System

XI Killings by Law Enforcement Officials: The International Human Rights Legal Framework by Philip Alston and William Abresch

1 Introduction

2 Case Studies: The Ubiquitous Problem of Police Killings

2.1 Responding to Demonstrations: Kenya

2.2 Routine Resort to Killing rather than Arrest: Nigeria

3 The International Human Rights Legal Framework

3.1 Proportionality, Necessity, and the Use of Lethal Force by Law Enforcement Officials

3.2 A Difficult Case: Shoot-to-Kill Policies

4 Conclusion

XII From Commission on Human Rights to Human Rights Council: Itinerary of a Reform Process by Eric Tistounet

1 The Commission on Human Rights

1.1 The Mandate of the Commission on Human Rights

1.2 The Commission on Human Rights at the Centre of Criticism

1.3 The Reform of the Commission on Human Rights

1.4 Initiatives and Steps towards a much Broader Reform

2 The Abolishment of the Commission and the Establishment of the Human Rights Council

2.1 General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006

2.1.1 Status

2.1.2 Composition

2.1.3 Meetings

2.1.4 Universal Periodic Review Mechanism

2.2 Transitional Arrangements to Avoid Protection Gap

2.2.1 Transfer of all Commission Mandates

2.2.2 Council Related Activities of OHCHR

2.3 Capacity of the Council to Respond to Urgent Human Rights Situations

3 The New Human Rights Council as from June 2007

3.1 The Council's Institution-Building Process

3.1.1 The Universal Periodic Review (UPR)

3.1.2 Review of Mandates and Mechanisms (Special Procedures)

3.1.3 Advisory Committee

3.1.4 Complaints Procedure (XIII The Weakness of the Present System of Treaty Monitoring and the Discussion of Reform in General by Christoph A. Spenléand Gian C. Staubli ä355)

XIII The Weakness of the Present System of Treaty Monitoringand the Discussion of Reform in General by Christoph A. Spenlé and Gian C. Stäubli

1 Structural Weaknesses of the Treaty Body System

1.1 The System's General Problem

1.1.1 Introductory Remarks

1.1.2 The Growing Burden on States Parties and Treaty Bodies

1.2 Intra-Organizational Weaknesses of Treaty Bodies

1.2.1 The Weak Position of Treaty Bodies within the UN Human Rights System

1.2.2 Weaknesses in Working Methods and Follow-Up

1.2.3 The Problem of Formal and Material Overlaps

1.2.4 The Problem of Permeability, with an Example Drawn from a Potential Optional Protocol to ICESCR

2 Weaknesses of the Reporting Process from the Point of View of States Parties

2.1 The General Situation - The Burden of Reporting in the UN Human Rights System

2.1.1 General Remarks

2.1.2 Problems Associated with UN Human Rights Instruments

2.2 States Parties' Difficulties Complying with Their Reporting Duty

2.2.1 The Legal Issue of Tardy Compliance with Reporting Duties

2.2.2 States' Problems with the Implementation of Conventions - The Example of Timor-Leste (East Timor)

3 Summary and Outlook

D Challenges to Peace, Conflict & Development

XIV L'amnistie entre l'exigence de justice et l'indispensable réconciliation: Lorsque les armes se taisent, que faire des crimes qui ont étécommis à l'occasion d'un conflit armé? par François Bugnion

1 Introduction

2 De quels crimes parle-t-on?

3 Amnistie ou répression des crimes à l'issue des conflits armés internationaux

4 Amnistie ou répression des crimes à l'issue des conflits armés non internationaux

4.1 La guerre civile prend fin avec la victoire de l'une des parties au conflit et le rétablissement de l'unité de l'État

4.2 La guerre civile prend fin avec la victoire du parti sécessionniste et l’éclatement de l’État déchiré par la guerre civile

4.3 Les affrontements conduisent à une impasse et à une situation dans laquelle aucun des adversaires ne parvient à l'emporter

5 Conclusions

XV Islands of Excellence in Oceans of Apathy - Why are we better at Saving Lives than at Improving Them? by Patrick Webb

1 Introduction

2 Rights and Responsibilities in Humanitarian Crises

3 Resolving Malnutrition: Treating Symptoms and Causes

3.1 Community Therapeutic Care (CTC)

3.2 In situ Micronutrient Fortification in Emergencies

3.3 Tailoring Foods to Needs

4 A Right to Food or the Responsibility to Nourish?

XVI A Holistic Approach for Promoting the Rule of Law by Josef Bucher

1 Introduction

2 Expecting Too Much of the Law

2.1 Institutional Vacuum

2.2 The Reform or Import of Institutions

2.3 Expecting Too Much of the Law

2.4 The Supposed Panacea

2.5 Overcoming an Institutional Vacuum

3 The Importance of Sequencing

3.1 The Rule of Law

3.2 Thinking about Sequencing

3.3 The Limits of the Law

3.4 For an Economy of the Law

3.5 Demand-Driven Human Rights Promotion

3.6 The Evolution of the Rule of Law

4 A New Separation of Church and State

4.1 The Need for Restraint

4.2 The Distinction between Legal Order and Legal Content

4.3 New Definition of Roles for the State and Civil Society

4.4 Demands on Civil Society

5 Conclusion

XVII Just War Concepts - Western and Chinese Perspectives by Nadine Godehardt

1 Introduction

2 The Concept of War in China

2.1 'Cultural Moralism'

2.2 The Realists: Alastair I. Johnston and Andrew Scobell

2.2.1 Alastair I. Johnston's 'Cultural Realism'

2.2.2 Andrew Scobell's 'Cult of Defence'

3 The Chinese Tradition of Just War

3.1 Confucianism

3.2 Military Strategists

3.3 The Ambiguous Meaning of Defensive Warfare

4 Chinese Criteria of Just War

4.1 Criteria which explain when war is justified (jus ad bellum)

4.2 Criteria which display, how Just Wars are waged (jus in bello)

5 Conclusion

E Approaches to Peace, Conflict & Development

XVIII Systemic Thinking and Practice in Conflict Transformation by Daniela Körppen, Norbert Ropers & Oliver Wils

1 Introduction

2 Going Systemic: From Conflict Transformation to a More Systemic Approach

2.1 Shifting from Peace Constituencies to a 'Critical Mass of Agents of Non-Violent Change' - The Formation of a Systemic Approach in Sri Lanka

2.2 BFPS Study: A Systemic Approach to Conflict Transformation

2.3 Broadening the Systemic Perspective: A Follow-Up Project on Systemic Thinking and Conflict Transformation

3 Our Experiences with Systemic Modes of Conflict Analysis

3.1 Strategic Assessment and Conflict Analysis

3.2 System Dynamics

3.3 Archetypes as a Way of Understanding Resistances

4 SystemicModes of Engagement

4.1 Multipartiality

4.2 Constructive-Critical Engagement

4.3 Multiple Peaceful Futures

5 Conclusion

XIX Conflict Transformation and Constitution Making in Nepal - What Constitutional Mechanisms are Useful for Resolving Conflict within a State? by Günther Bächler

1 1990: 'The Best Constitution in the World' and its Shortcomings

2 Janaandolan of April and the Interim Constitution of December 2006

2.1 Why the IC Drafting Committee did not Succeed

2.2 Political Consensus as a New Element of Constitution Making in Nepal

2.3 Lack of Process and Transitional Mechanisms

2.4 Lack of Inclusion or Why the Election System Triggered ProtestMovements

2.5 Conflict Resolution Mechanisms in the Interim Constitution

3 Democratic Constitution Making for the Future of Nepal

3.1 Elections of a Constituent Assembly as Focal Point in the Peace Process

3.2 Democratic Constitution Making: Process Matters

3.3 Democratic Constitution Making through Social Integration

3.4 Democratic Constitution Making: Towards a Federal State?

3.5 Conflict Transformation Mechanisms in the New Constitution

XX The African Union and Reactions to International Crimes by Djacoba L. Tehindrazanarivelo

1 Introduction

2 Forms of Reactions to International Crimes in AU Peace and Security Architecture

2.1 Condemnation of Crimes and Violence Against Civilians and Call to End Impunity

2.1.1 Collective Commitments and Subsequent Practice

2.1.2 Individual Obligations of States

2.2 Intervention Pursuant to the Commission of International Crimes

2.2.1 The Legal Basis: Article 4 (h) of the AU Constitutive Act

2.2.2 Implementation Process

2.3 Inclusion of Civilian Protection in the Mandate of Peace-Support Operations

2.3.1 The Mandates of the AMIS, AMIS II and AMIS II-Enhanced: From Cease-Fire Monitoring to Civilian Protection

2.3.2 The Central Place of Civilian Protection in the Mandates of UNAMID

3 The Issue of Prosecution: A 'Principle' Drawn from the Hissène Habré's Trial?

3.1 Background to the Hissène Habré's Trial

3.2 Actions from the African Union

4 Final Observations

XXI International Electoral Observation as a Means of Evaluating Democracy and Promoting Respect for Civil and Political Rights by Gérard Stoudmann and Scott Smith

1 Introduction

2 A Brief History of International Election Observation

3 'Free and Fair'

4 Elections and Democracy: Political and Civil Rights

5 Concluding Thoughts: Election Observation and International Law

XXII The Emperors Clothes - Critical Reflection on the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration by Robert Muggah

1 A Short History of DDR

2 Scale and Distribution of DDR

3 Minimalist and Maximalist Approaches to DDR

4 DDR Dividends

5 Lessons Learned and Conclusions

XXIII The Influence of the Kimberly Process on Conflict and Natural Resource Trade in Africa-What can the UN do? by Salil Tripathi

1 Forever or Not, Diamonds are Unique - But not the Way the Industry Intended

F Experiences from Peace, Conflict and Development

XXIV Between Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding - International Engagement for Peace in the South Caucasus-Experience of a UN SRSG by Heidi Tagliavini

1 Background to the Conflict

2 How the Engagement was Implemented

2.1 The Mandate

2.2 The Situation at the Assumption of Office

2.3 Addressing Security Problems

2.4 Reenergizing the Peace Process

2.5 Economic Cooperation and Confidence Building

3 Outcome, Evaluation and Follow-Up

4 Key Lessons Learned

List of Contributors