CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Introduction

Chapter One The Triumvirate

1.1. The champion of the res publica: Octavian's political beginnings

1.2. The triumviral assignment

1.3. The renewal of the triumvirate

1.4. Sextus Pompeius and the accomplishment of the triumviral assignment

1.5. Apollo and Octavian: the origins of a divine relationship

1.6. Ideology and justifi cation

Chapter Two Approach to War

2.1. The breakdown of a 'friendship'

2.2. The end of the triumvirate

2.3. Endgame: the year 32 BC

2.4. Attack and counterattack

Chapter Three Decisive Conflict(s)

3.1. Bellum Actiacum Alexandrinumque

3.2. Bellum Externum, Bellum Civile

3.3. Actium as a civil war

3.4. Actium and Alexandria: one or two wars?

Chapter Four Onsite Commemorations of the Battle of Actium

4.1. Two victory cities

4.2. The new city of Nicopolis and the temple of Actian Apollo

4.3. The victory monument and its inscription

4.4. A Roman monument at a Greek city

4.5. The Victory Monument and its gods

4.6. The Victory Monument and Augustan ideology

Chapter Five Waiting for Caesar

5.1. Honouring the absent victor: Dio 51.19.1–20.5

5.2. Victory festivals

5.3. 'Damnatio memoriae': dishonouring Antonius

5.4. The temple of Janus

5.5. The triple triumph of 29 BC

5.6. (Civil) war and peace

Chapter Six Res publica constituta

6.1. The reshaping of the Forum Romanum

6.2. Apollo Palatinus and Actium

6.3. Res publica constituta: the settlement of 28–27 BC

6.4. The return to normality

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index