In the Shadow of Luxembourg: EU and National Developments in the Regulation of Gambling

Contents

General Introduction Cyrille Fijnaut

1. The Aim and Programme of the Symposium

2. The Contents of this Book

3. A Last Moment Shift in Policy?

Some Public Policy Effects in the Short and Medium Term in the Field of Gambling Etienne Marique

1. Introduction

2. Impact of the Amendment of the Law of 7 May 1999 andthe Royal Decrees

3. Repercussions of the Santa Casa Decision

4. Priorities of the Belgian Presidency of the European Union

Gambling Regulation in the European Union: Recent Developments Alan Littler

1. Introduction

2. Proportionality and Mutual Recognition

2.1. Proportionality

2.2. Mutual Recognition

3. Judgements and Opinions

3.1. Santa Casa

3.1.1. Santa Casa – the Issues

3.1.2. Santa Casa – the Opinion

3.1.3 Santa Casa – the Decision

3.2. Commission v. Spain

3.3. Betfair

3.3.1. Betfair – the Issues

3.3.2. Betfair – the Opinion

3.4. Ladbrokes

3.4.1. Ladbrokes – the Issues

3.4.2. Ladbrokes – the Opinion

3.4.3. Ladbrokes – Exercising Jurisdiction over the Internet

3.5. Winner Wetten

3.5.1. Winner Wetten – the Issues

3.5.2. Winner Wetten – the Opinion

3.6. Sjöberg and Gerdin

3.6.1. Sjöberg and Gerdin – the Issues

3.6.2. Sjöberg and Gerdin – the Opinion

3.7. Engelmann

3.7.1. Engelmann – the Issues

3.7.2. Engelmann – the Opinion

3.8. Markus Stoß

3.8.1. Markus Stoß – the Issues

3.8.2. Markus Stoß – the Opinion

3.9. Carmen Media

3.9.1. Carmen Media – the Issues

3.9.2. Carmen Media – the Opinion

4. Concluding Remarks

The Perspective of the Swedish Presidencyon the Issue of Gambling Ellen Heldahl

Introduction

The Socio-Economical Problems Related to Gambling

Gaming Responsibility Measures

Different National Legislations

Conclusion

Practic al Implications of the Santa Casa Judgment Justin Franssen and Frank Tolboom

1. Introduction: The Santa Casa Judgment1

2. Trends in European Gambling Related Case Law

2.1. The Common Denominator: Margin of Discretion

2.2. Application of the Proportionality Principle: A Different Approach?

2.3. Conclusion

3. Santa Casa in Relation to Previous Case Law

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Explicit Rejection of Mutual Recognition

3.3. Application of the Proportionality Principle

3.3.1. Suitability Test

3.3.2. Necessity Test

3.4. Conclusion

4. Discussion on the Subsequent ECJ Proceedings

4.1. AG Bot: Joined Cases of Betfair and Ladbrokes35

4.2. AG Bot: Winner Wetten37

4.3. AG Mazak: Engelmann38 and AG Bot: Sjöberg39

4.4. AG Mengozzi: Carmen Media40 and Markus Stoß41

5. Practical Implications of the Santa Casa Ruling and Opinions of the Advocates General

5.1. Implications for National Gambling Policies

5.2. Implications for Private Operators

5.3. Remaining Questions

5.4. Solution: A Principle of Conditional Recognition?

6. Conclusion

Is There a Future for a Comprehensive EU Gambling Servic es Policy? Philippe Vlaemminck1

1. Introduction

2. The Current Status of Gambling Services in EU Law as a Starting Point for Further Political Discussions

2.1. The Case Law of the ECJ and EFTA Court

2.2. Secondary EU Law Related to Gambling Services

3. A Comprehensive Approach Based on Active Subsidiarity

4. Any Changes in the Market can Only be Based on aPrecautious Approach

5. Re-establishing the (Competitive) Balance in the GamblingSector

6. The Specific Role of Lotteries in the European Society

7. Guaranteeing a Sustainable Policy for Gambling in the EU:An EU Framework for Gambling Services

8. Conclusions

A View from the British Isles David Miers

1. Introduction

2. The Salience of Commercial Gambling in Great Britain

2.1. Participation

2.2. Spend

2.3. The Industry

3. The Regulatory Structure in Outline

3.1. Authorisations and Exceptions

3.2. The Operating Licence

3.2.1. Types of Operating Licence

3.2.2. Determining Applications for an Operating Licence

3.2.3. Licence Conditions

3.3. The Personal Licence

3.4. The Premises Licence

4. The Gambling Commission

4.1. The Commission’s Core Responsibilities

4.2. The Hierarchy of Regulatory Control

4.3. The Commission’s Approach to Regulation, Compliance andEnforcement

5. Remote Gambling

6. Gaming Machines

6.1. Introduction

6.2. The Regulatory Regime for Gaming Machines

6.3. The Categorical Structure

6.3.1. Category A

6.3.2. Category B

6.3.2.1. Category B1

6.3.2.2. Category B2

6.3.2.3. Categories B3 and B3A

6.3.2.4. Category B4

6.3.3. Category C

6.3.4. Category D

6.4. The Application of the Licensing Objectives

6.4.1. Preventing Gambling from being a Source of Crime or Disorder, beingAssociated with Crime or Disorder or being Used to Support Crime

6.4.2. Ensuring that Gambling is Conducted in a Fair and Open Way

6.4.3. Protecting Children and Other Vulnerable Persons from being Harmed orExploited by Gambling

7. The Responsible Gambling Strategy Board

The New Belgi an Gambling Regulationin the European Context Nele Hoekx

1. Introduction

2. The Situation before Amendment of the Gambling Act of 1999

2.1. The Situation before the Gambling Act of 1999

2.2. The Introduction of the Gambling Act

2.3. Attempts to Modify the Gambling Act

2.3.1. Needs for Modification

2.3.2. Amendments and Failed Attempts

3. The Amendment of the Gambling Act

3.1. New Types of Licences

3.1.1. Betting

3.1.2. Media Games

3.1.3. Gambling through Information Society Instruments

3.2. Gaming Commission

3.3. Player Protection

4. The New Gambling Act in European Perspective

4.1. The European Framework for Gambling

4.2. The Belgian Gambling Act and EU Secondary Law

4.3. Conformity of the Belgian Gambling Act with the Treaty

4.3.1. Gambling and the Relevant Treaty Provisions in the ECJ’s Jurisprudence

4.3.1.1. Evolution of the Case Law

4.3.1.2. Mutual Recognition

4.3.2. Justification of the Belgian Restrictions

4.3.3. Proportionality of the Belgian Restrictions

4.3.3.1. Mandatory Establishment of Online Operators on Belgian Territory

4.3.3.2. Licences of Other Member States

5. Conclusions

Recent Developments in German Gambling Law Tilman Becker

1. Introduction

2. Categories of Gambling Activities

2.1. Lotteries

2.2. Traditional Casinos Games (Card Games and Roulette)

2.3. Gambling Machines

2.4. Sports Betting

2.5. Contests

3. The Interstate Treaty on Gambling

4. Unresolved Problems

4.1. Coherence between Federal and State Law

4.2. Internet Gambling

5. Concluding Remarks

Changes Large and Small inDutch Policy on Gambling Cyrille Fijnaut

1. A Small but Complex Market

2. Towards a New Betting and Gaming Act

3. The Current Situation

4. Future Regulation of Gambling

5. Finally, the European Dimension

The New French Legi slation on Online Gambling in its European Perspective Fabienne Péraldi Leneuf

1. Introduction

2. The Public Organisation of French Gaming and Bettingbefore the European Case Law

2.1. Former Monopolistic Structures

2.2. The Pursuit of General Interests Linked to Public or Social Order

3. The Adaptation of French Case Law to European Case Law

4. French Legislation in European Perspective Today

4.1. The Conditions of the French Reform

4.2. The French Bill regarding European Law

French Contract Law and Protection of the Internet Gambler in the New French Legi slation Aurélie Jouette Melchior

1. Introduction

2. The Legal Definition of Online Gambling in French Law

3. The Conclusion of the Gambling Contract

3.1. The Legal Definition of the Gambling Contract

3.1.1. The Principles

3.1.2. Issues Raised by the Legal Definition

3.2. Operators’ Obligations at the Time of Contract Formation

3.2.1. Information Provided to the Gambler

3.2.2. Unfair Terms

4. Enforcement of the Contract

4.1. The French Civil Code

4.2. Rights of Gamblers Towards the Operators

4.2.1. The Role of ARJEL

4.2.2. The Right to Judicial Claim Based on the Contract

5. Conclusions

Gambling Regulation in Europe: Moving beyond Ambig uity and Hypocrisy Alain-Laurent Verbeke

1. The Member States

2. The European Framework

3. Beyond Ambiguity

4. Beyond Hypocrisy

5. Conclusion

About the Authors

Appendix 1 Case C-42/07

Appendix 2 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

Appendix 3 European Council, Gambling and betting: legal framework and policies in the Member States of the European Union,Presidency Progress Report, 16022/08, 27 November 2008

Index