Contents

pp.：  7 – 10

List of Figures, Maps and Tables

pp.：  11 – 16

Preface from Mark Elvin

pp.：  17 – 20

Préface de Philippe Ménard

pp.：  21 – 22

Preface from the Author

pp.：  23 – 26

Acknowledgments

pp.：  27 – 30

Transliteration and Conventions

pp.：  31 – 32

Chapter One Introduction

pp.：  33 – 120

1. Structure and Contents of this Book

pp.：  34 – 39

2. Approaches and Methods

pp.：  40 – 42

3. Cons and Pros for Marco Polo’s Stay in China

pp.：  43 – 120

3.1. Authorship of the Book

pp.：  46 – 48

3.2. Complexities of Manuscript Transmission

pp.：  49 – 53

3.3. Nature, Style, Intentions and Receptions of the Book

pp.：  54 – 67

3.4. Itinerary and Data

pp.：  68 – 70

3.5. Persian Rendering of Chinese Place Names

pp.：  71 – 74

3.6. Aspects of Chinese and Mongol Civilization and Culture

pp.：  75 – 98

3.7. “Latins” at Khubilai’s Court

pp.：  99 – 98

3.8. Participation in the Xiangyang Siege

pp.：  99 – 99

3.9. Governorship in Yangzhou

pp.：  100 – 100

3.10. Missions of the Polos

pp.：  101 – 105

3.11. The Polos and Chinese Sources

pp.：  106 – 111

3.12. Return from China

pp.：  112 – 115

3.13. Golden Tablets of Authority

pp.：  116 – 120

Chapter Two Paper Money in Yuan China

pp.：  121 – 258

1. Marco Polo on Yuan Paper Money (1275–1291)

pp.：  138 – 140

2. Other Western, Persian and Arabic Mediaeval Authors on Yuan Paper Money

pp.：  141 – 144

3. The Short-lived Issue of Yuan-style Paper Money in Persia in 1294

pp.：  145 – 149

4. Chinese Sources on Paper Money during the Yuan Period (1271–1368)

pp.：  150 – 243

4.1. Aspects of Production

pp.：  152 – 190

4.2. Aspects of Circulation

pp.：  191 – 243

5. Yuan Paper Money: Comparing Marco Polo’s Account and Chinese Sources

pp.：  244 – 258

Chapter Three Cowry Monies Circulating in Yunnan and Southeast Asia

pp.：  259 – 302

1. Marco Polo on Cowry Currencies (1275–1291)

pp.：  262 – 265

2. Chinese Sources on Yunnan Cowry Currencies during the Yuan Period (1271–1368)

pp.：  266 – 298

2.1. Exchange Rates

pp.：  268 – 269

2.2. Denominations

pp.：  270 – 270

2.3. Cowry Imports

pp.：  271 – 289

2.4. Cowry Currency in Private Transactions

pp.：  290 – 293

2.5. Cowry Money in Public Revenue and Finance

pp.：  294 – 298

3. Yunnan Cowry Currencies: Comparing Marco Polo’s Account and Chinese Sources

pp.：  299 – 302

Chapter Four Salt Production and Salt Monies in Yunnan and Tebet

pp.：  303 – 362

1. Marco Polo on Salt Production in Yunnan (1275–1291)

pp.：  304 – 316

2. Marco Polo on Salt Currencies in Tebet and Caindu (1275–1291)

pp.：  317 – 328

3. Chinese Sources on Salt Currencies (Late Eighth to Mid-Twentieth Centuries)

pp.：  329 – 340

3.1. Nanzhao Kingdom (Late Eighth Century)

pp.：  330 – 330

3.2. Yuan Period (Early Fourteenth Century)

pp.：  331 – 330

3.3. Ming Period (Mid-Fifteenth Century)

pp.：  331 – 332

3.4. Qing Period (Eighteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)

pp.：  333 – 338

3.5. Republican Period (Mid-1930s)

pp.：  339 – 338

3.6. People’s Republic of China (1950s)

pp.：  339 – 340

4. Salt Forms Produced by Yunnan Saltworks (Early Eighteenth Century)

pp.：  341 – 346

4.1. Dry-boiled Salt Forms

pp.：  343 – 343

4.2. Salt Forms Made by Hand or Moulds

pp.：  344 – 346

5. Salt Currencies: Comparing Marco Polo’s Perceptions and Chinese Sources

pp.：  347 – 362

5.1. Weight of Salt Currencies

pp.：  347 – 348

5.2. Value of Salt Currencies

pp.：  349 – 349

5.3. Salt Prices in Caindu and Other Regions of China

pp.：  350 – 355

5.4. Circulation and Monetary Functions of Salt Currencies

pp.：  356 – 359

5.5. Salt Monies, Governments and Markets

pp.：  360 – 362

Chapter Five Production, Revenue and Trade of Salt in Changlu and Lianghuai

pp.：  363 – 396

1. Marco Polo on Salt Production Techniques in Changlu

pp.：  364 – 370

2. Marco Polo on the Salt Production and Distribution Zone of Lianghuai

pp.：  371 – 379

3. Did Marco Polo Hold an Office in Yangzhou?

pp.：  380 – 396

Chapter Six Tax Revenue of Hangzhou and its Territory

pp.：  397 – 430

1. Marco Polo’s Millions: The Salt Tax Revenue

pp.：  398 – 410

2. Total Annual Revenue as Reported by the Venetian

pp.：  411 – 422

3. Commercial Taxes in Le devisament dou monde

pp.：  423 – 425

4. Marco Polo on Levies in Overseas Trade in Quanzhou

pp.：  426 – 430

Chapter Seven Administrative-Geographical Divisions in Yuan China

pp.：  431 – 450

Chapter Eight Conclusions

pp.：  451 – 458

Appendices

pp.：  459 – 578

Appendix 1: Compilation of Passages on the Production and Use of Paper Money in the Yuan Empire from Selected Manuscript and Print Versions of Marco Polo’s Account

pp.：  461 – 470

Appendix 2: Compilation of Passages on the Production and Use of Chinese Paper Money and Salt Revenue in the Accounts of Other Western, Persian and Arabic Authors

pp.：  471 – 502

Appendix 3 Coins of Venice

pp.：  503 – 505

Appendix 4 The Weight Measures Libra and Saggio of Venice

pp.：  506 – 506

Appendix 5 The Weight of the Miskal

pp.：  507 – 508

Appendix 6: Relationship between the Persian System of balish, sum and miskal, the Chinese System of ding, liang and qian, and Marco Polo’s saggi and grossi

pp.：  509 – 522

Appendix 7: Compilation of Passages on Chinese Salt Money, Salt Production and Salt Revenue from the Most Important Manuscript and Print Versions of Marco Polo’s Account

pp.：  523 – 560

Appendix 8 Tables 3 and 27

pp.：  561 – 578

Bibliography

pp.：  579 – 660

1. Marco Polo Editions

pp.：  579 – 585

2. Other Primary Sources

pp.：  586 – 593

3. Secondary Literature

pp.：  594 – 660

Index

pp.：  661 – 675