Contents

pp.：  7 – 10

List of Figures

pp.：  11 – 16

Preface and Acknowledgments

pp.：  17 – 20

Chapter One Introduction

pp.：  21 – 42

1.1 Basic Preliminary Thoughts

pp.：  21 – 22

1.2 The Issues

pp.：  23 – 23

1.3 Relevance

pp.：  24 – 24

1.4 Method

pp.：  25 – 26

1.5 Structure

pp.：  27 – 26

1.6 Sources

pp.：  27 – 29

1.7 State of the Art in the Literature

pp.：  30 – 42

Chapter Two How Erratic Blocks Caught the Eye of Science

pp.：  43 – 104

2.1 Giants, Trolls, and the Devil: Early Explanations

pp.：  43 – 43

2.2 Theoretical Diversity in Geology’s Heroic Age

pp.：  44 – 45

2.3 Volcanic Bombs and Mudflows

pp.：  46 – 49

2.4 Monstrous, Horrific Floods

pp.：  50 – 57

2.5 Ice and Debris

pp.：  58 – 65

2.6 “Nature’s Most Powerful Engines”

pp.：  66 – 102

2.6.1 A Genevan Geographer’s Excursion

pp.：  66 – 66

2.6.2 Gruner’s Ice Mountains of Switzerland

pp.：  67 – 67

2.6.3 The First Glaciological Research Project

pp.：  68 – 74

2.6.4 De Saussure’s Trip through the Alps

pp.：  75 – 74

2.6.5 Plastic Flow

pp.：  75 – 75

2.6.6 Ice as Tenacious as Pitch

pp.：  76 – 76

2.6.7 Reflections by the Scottish Private Scholar James Hutton

pp.：  77 – 82

2.6.8 One Mathematician Draws His Conclusions

pp.：  83 – 85

2.6.9 A Scot Tours the Alps

pp.：  86 – 87

2.6.10 Erratic Blocks in the New World

pp.：  88 – 89

2.6.11 Glaciers at the Antipodes

pp.：  90 – 90

2.6.12 Of Erratic Chunks and Extraterrestrials: A Bavarian Professor’s Unconventional Ideas

pp.：  91 – 97

2.6.13 Huge Piles of Granite

pp.：  98 – 97

2.6.14 Thoughts by Savvy Alpines

pp.：  98 – 102

2.7 Preliminary Conclusions

pp.：  103 – 104

Chapter Three Glacier Advances and Icy Theories: 1810–1830

pp.：  105 – 160

3.1 No Climate Determinism—Preamble about the Influence of Climate on Societal Behavior

pp.：  105 – 107

3.2 Wahlenberg’s Pre-Adamite Springtime Flood

pp.：  108 – 110

3.3 Ice-Age Traces in Norway

pp.：  111 – 116

3.4 The Engineer and the Ice Age

pp.：  117 – 128

3.5 Minister of Mining Goethe Has His Own Ideas

pp.：  129 – 149

3.6 Jameson’s Discovery of Moraines in Scotland

pp.：  150 – 151

3.7 Cometary Impact, Deluge, and Ice Age: A Scottish Scholar is Magnanimous

pp.：  152 – 156

3.8 How Esmark’s Theory Reached the German-Speaking Realm

pp.：  157 – 157

3.9 Preliminary Conclusions about Ice-Age Theories of the 1820s

pp.：  158 – 160

Chapter Four Glacier and Ice-Age Theories in the First Half of the 1830s

pp.：  161 – 184

4.1 Professor Bernhardi’s Polar Caps

pp.：  161 – 167

4.2 The Systematist

pp.：  168 – 174

4.3 Periods of Activation and Stagnation

pp.：  175 – 181

4.4 Conclusion on Ice-Age and Glacier Theories 1830–1836

pp.：  182 – 184

Chapter Five The Grand Synthesis

pp.：  185 – 210

5.1 Ode to the Ice Age or the End of a Friendship

pp.：  185 – 205

5.2 Preliminary Conclusions on the Agassiz/Schimper Synthesis

pp.：  206 – 207

5.3 Excursus—between Popularization and Nationalism: “La théorie suisse des glaciers”

pp.：  208 – 210

Chapter Six International Reception of Glacial Theory

pp.：  211 – 418

6.1 France

pp.：  211 – 263

6.1.1 Apprehension and Development of the Ice-Age Theory

pp.：  211 – 258

6.1.2 Preliminary Conclusions: Passive Opposition and Innovative Progress

pp.：  259 – 263

6.2 The Theory’s Path to Great Britain

pp.：  264 – 314

6.2.1 A Scottish Journal Editor and Other Pathfinders

pp.：  264 – 268

6.2.2 Agassiz’s 2,000-Mile Tour

pp.：  269 – 275

6.2.3 Three Papers before the Geological Society

pp.：  276 – 278

6.2.4 Objections and Criticisms

pp.：  279 – 281

6.2.5 Research on Glacial Geology Continues

pp.：  282 – 285

6.2.6 The Two Most Influential Critics

pp.：  286 – 291

6.2.7 The Submergence Theory or the Ice-Age Inundation

pp.：  292 – 302

6.2.8 The Beginnings of Glacial Research Overseas within the British Empire

pp.：  303 – 305

6.2.9 First Evidence of Older Ice Ages

pp.：  306 – 309

6.2.10 Preliminary Conclusions about the Beginnings of Glacial Geology on the British Isles

pp.：  310 – 314

6.3 Ice-Age Research in Sweden

pp.：  315 – 350

6.3.1 Between Fiery Furnaces and Icy Hypotheses

pp.：  315 – 317

6.3.2 Slideways to Errors and Misadventures

pp.：  318 – 324

6.3.3 Arctic Shells in Temperate Latitudes

pp.：  325 – 326

6.3.4 The Ice Age Becomes Presentable Again

pp.：  327 – 329

6.3.5 Between Conditional Acceptance and Breakthrough

pp.：  330 – 333

6.3.6 A Grade-School Inspector Makes the Ice Age Popular

pp.：  334 – 339

6.3.7 Scandinavian Inland Ice

pp.：  340 – 348

6.3.8 Preliminary Conclusion about Ice-Age Research in Sweden

pp.：  349 – 350

6.4 The Ice of the East: Ice-Age Theory in Finland and Russia

pp.：  351 – 373

6.4.1 Flood of Stones to Age of Ice

pp.：  351 – 354

6.4.2 A Russian Anarchist Lends Wings to Glacial Geology

pp.：  355 – 371

6.4.3 Preliminary Conclusions about Ice-Age Research in the Russian Empire

pp.：  372 – 373

6.5 The Arduous Path to Acceptance of a New Theory

pp.：  374 – 406

6.5.1 Early Attempts to Establish the Ice-Age Theory in the German States

pp.：  374 – 386

6.5.2 The Breakthrough of Ice-Age Theory in Germany

pp.：  387 – 401

6.5.3 Reasons for the Tardy Acceptance of the Ice-Age Theory in Germany

pp.：  402 – 406

6.6 Remarkable Blocks in North America

pp.：  407 – 418

6.6.1 The Reaction to the Ice-Age Theory in the United States and Canada

pp.：  407 – 415

6.6.2 Preliminary Conclusion: The Reception of the Glacial Theory in North America

pp.：  416 – 418

Chapter Seven The Search for Causes of the Ice Ages

pp.：  419 – 460

7.1 A Tumbling Earth

pp.：  419 – 435

7.2 A First Glance at CO2

pp.：  436 – 437

7.3 Experiments on Heat Absorption by Gases

pp.：  438 – 441

7.4 Thoughts among the Stockholm Society of Physicists

pp.：  442 – 453

7.5 Anthropogenic Global Warming: From Optimism to Pessimism

pp.：  454 – 460

Chapter Eight Conclusions

pp.：  461 – 496

8.1 Stumbling Blocks

pp.：  461 – 463

8.2 An Era of Extreme Cold

pp.：  464 – 466

8.3 The Grand Synthesis Revisited

pp.：  467 – 470

8.4 Resistance to the Ice-Age Theory

pp.：  471 – 475

8.5 Differing Conceptions of Scale and Type of Glacial Period

pp.：  476 – 477

8.6 The 1870s: Final Breakthrough of the Ice-Age Theory

pp.：  478 – 479

8.7 Other Lands, Other Debates

pp.：  480 – 487

8.8 Forms and Forums of Scientific Exchange

pp.：  488 – 488

8.9 The Beginnings of Popularization

pp.：  489 – 491

8.10 Characteristics of the Contemporary Discussion

pp.：  492 – 493

8.11 Looking Ahead

pp.：  494 – 496

Sources

pp.：  497 – 532

Archives

pp.：  497 – 496

References

pp.：  497 – 527

Editions

pp.：  497 – 497

Primary Literature

pp.：  498 – 516

Secondary Literature

pp.：  517 – 527

Internet Publications

pp.：  528 – 528

Signed Webpages

pp.：  528 – 527

Unsigned Webpages

pp.：  528 – 528

Journals and Newspapers

pp.：  529 – 532

Index of Places

pp.：  533 – 536

Index of Names

pp.：  537 – 549

index of Subjects

pp.：  550 – 554