Contents

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Chapter One. Toward Comparative Study of Eschatological Ideas in Qumran and in Emerging Christianity

1. Definition of Eschatology and Problems of Comparative Study

2. Jesus, Emerging Christianity and Eschatology

2.1. The Debate about Jesus and Eschatology

2.2. Interpretive Problems

3. Concluding Observations and Prospect

Chapter Two. Integrating Qumran Eschatology into Late Second Temple Judaism

1. Eschatology and Scripture

1.1. The Transmission of the Biblical Text and Eschatology

1.2. The Reception of the Biblical Text and Eschatology

2. Eschatology in Non-Sectarian Qumran Texts

2.1. Pre-Qumran Texts

2.2. Non-Sectarian Qumran Texts

2.3. Non-Sectarian Writings: Summary

3. Eschatology in Sectarian Qumran Texts

3.1. 4QMMT

3.2. The Damascus Document

3.3. The Serekh ha-Yahad

3.4. The Rule of the Congregation

3.5. 1Q/4QHodayot

3.6. Early Pesharim

3.7. The Midrash on Eschatologya-b

3.8. The War Scroll

3.9. Late Pesharim

3.10. Sapiential and Poetical Texts

3.11. Sectarian Writings: Summary

4. The Umwelt to Qumran Eschatology: Comparative Texts and Traditions

4.1. Epigraphical and Papyrological Evidence

4.2. The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

4.3. Philo of Alexandria

4.4. Flavius Josephus

4.5. New Testament

4.6. Hippolytus of Rome

4.7. Early Rabbinic Literature

5. Evaluation and Conclusions

5.1. Common Features of Jewish Eschatology in the Second Temple Period

5.2. Distinctions between pre-70 ce Jewish Eschatologies

5.3. Qumran Eschatoloy in Its Exegetical and Historical Context

Chapter Three. Emerging Christianity and Eschatology

1. The Sources and Their Order of Discussion

2. First-Century Christian Eschatological Ideas and Scripture

2.1. Isaiah

2.2. Psalms

2.3. Minor Prophets

2.4. Daniel

2.5. Genesis

3. The Gospel of Mark

3.1. The Social and Historical Setting of Mark

3.2. Marcan Eschatology

4. The Sayings Source Q

4.1. The Identification of Q and Its Social Settings

4.2. Eschatology in Q

4.3. Evaluation: Tradition and Redaction in the Apocalyptic-Eschatological Materials

5. The Gospel of Matthew

5.1. The Social and Historical Setting of Matthew

5.2. Matthean Eschatology

5.3. Evaluation

6. The Gospel of Luke

6.1. The Social and Historical Setting of Luke

6.2. Lucan Eschatology

6.3. Evaluation

7. Eschatological Jesus-Traditions in the Gospel of Thomas

7.1. The Text of the Gospel of Thomas

7.2. Socio-Religious and Historical Settings of the Gospel of Thomas

7.3. Eschatology in the Gospel of Thomas

7.4. Evaluation

8. The Gospel of John

8.1. Social and Historical Setting of John

8.2. Eschatology in John

9. Eschatology in the Pauline Letters

9.1. First Thessalonians

9.2. First Corinthians

9.3. Romans

10. Eschatology in the Acts of the Apostles

10.1. The Text of Acts and Its Missionary Perspective

10.2. Eschatology in Acts

11. Evaluation

11.1. First-Century Christian Communities and Eschatology

11.2. Intra-Jewish Dimensions to First-Century Christian Eschatological Ideas

11.3. Outlook on Subsequent Chapters (Chapter Four. Resurrection of the Dead in the Dead Sea)

Scrolls and the New Testament

1. Introduction

1.1. Reasons for Renewed Study

1.2. Problems of Delimitating the Subject of Resurrection

1.3. The Debate about Resurrection in Qumran Literature

2. Scriptural Foundations for the Belief in Life after Death

2.1. Hebrew Biblical Passages with Resurrection Language

2.2. Resurrection Language and Eschatologization in the Septuagint

2.3. Evaluation

3. Resurrection in Non-Sectarian Qumran Texts

3.1. Parabiblical Qumran Texts

3.2. 4Q521 (4QMessianic Apocalypse)

3.3. Poetical and Liturgical Texts

3.4. Evaluation

4. Resurrection in Sectarian Qumran Texts

4.1. The Damascus Document

4.2. The Serekh ha-Yahad

4.3. 1QRule of Benedictions

4.4. The Hodayot

4.5. 4QAges of Creation B (4Q181)

4.6. Evaluation

5. Resurrection Beliefs in the Pre-70 ce Jesus-Movement

5.1. Resurrection Beliefs in the Milieu of the Historical Jesus

5.2. Jesus' Resurrection in the Kerygma of the Early Jesus-Movement

5.3. Resurrection of the Dead in Pauline Theology: 1 Corinthians 15

6. Post-70 ce New Testament Texts and Pre-70 ce Traditions on Resurrection

6.1. Matthew 27:51b–53

6.2. John 5:19–30

7. Summary and Evaluation

7.1. Qumran Evidence of Resurrection and Biblical Tradition

7.2. Qumran Evidence and Palestinian Jewish Tradition History

7.3. Longer Known Sectarian Qumran Literature and Qumran Cave 4 Evidence

7.4. Comparative Study of Qumran and New Testament

Chapter Five. Apocalypticism in Qumran and the New Testament

1. Introduction

1.1. Wisdom and Apocalypticism

1.2. Apocalypticism and Eschatology

1.3. Apocalypticism in the Early Jesus-Movement and Contemporary Palestinian Judaism

2. Early Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition and Scripture

2.1. 1 Enoch

2.2. Jubilees

2.3. Daniel and the Qumran Daniel Cycle

2.4. The Enochic Book of Parables (1 Enoch 37–71)

3. Qumran Apocalyptic Texts and Early Jewish Apocalypticism

3.1. Predestination and Periodization of History

3.2. Cosmic Dualism

3.3. Apocalypticism and Ideas of War

3.4. Visions of Final Judgement

3.5. Wisdom and Apocalypticism

4. The Beginnings of the Jesus-Movement and Apocalypticism

4.1. John's Baptism and the Beginnings of the Jesus-Movement

4.2. The Relation between John and Jesus

4.3. John's Baptism and the Apocalyptic Focus on Judgement

5. Jesus and Apocalypticism

5.1. Prophetic Inspiration and Apocalypticism

5.2. Signs and Their Interpretation

5.3. Apocalyptic Features in Jesus-Traditions about the Kingdom

5.4. Final Judgement

6. The Synoptic Gospels and Apocalypticism

6.1. The Marcan 'Eschatological Discourse'

6.2. Q 11:29–32 and Apocalypticism

7. Paul and Apocalypticism

8. Post-Pauline Letters

9. The Apocalypse of John

10. Evaluation

Chapter Six. Messianism in Qumran and the New Testament

1. Introduction

1.1. Problematic Presuppositions about Early Jewish Messianism

1.2. Early Jewish Messianism and Its Terminology

1.3. On the Selection of Texts for Discussion and Reasons for Renewed Study

2. Early Jewish Messianism and Biblical Tradition

3. Messianic Texts in Second Temple Jewish Literature

3.1. Second Temple Jewish Texts (non-Qumran)

3.2. Qumran Literature

4. Messianic Beliefs and Christology in Early Christianity

4.1. Paul's Christology and Messianic Backgrounds

4.2. Messianism and Mark

4.3. Messianism and Q

4.4. Messianism and Matthew

4.5. Messianism and Luke

4.6. Messianic Proclamation of Jesus' Gospel in Acts

4.7. Messianism and John

4.8. The Apocalypse

5. Evaluation

Bibliography

Index