Volume 1

pp.：  1 – 522

A Grammar of the Thangmi Language

pp.：  1 – 522

Copyright Page

pp.：  4 – 6

CONTENTS

pp.：  7 – 522

VOLUME ONE: ETHNOGRAPHY AND GRAMMAR

pp.：  7 – 14

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

pp.：  15 – 18

PREFACE

pp.：  19 – 24

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

pp.：  25 – 30

TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION

pp.：  31 – 32

ABBREVIATIONS

pp.：  33 – 34

EDITORIAL FOREWORD

pp.：  35 – 36

MAP: LOCATION OF THANGMI-SPEAKING COMMUNITIES IN NEPAL

pp.：  37 – 38

CHAPTER ONE THE LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THANGMI

pp.：  39 – 68

1.1 Early classifications of Thangmi within Tibeto-Burman

pp.：  39 – 42

1.2 Thangmi in light of the Proto-Kiranti verb

pp.：  43 – 46

1.3 Before and after Mahâkirântî

pp.：  47 – 50

1.4 Thangmi-Newar lexical correspondences and the case for Newaric

pp.：  51 – 65

1.4.1 Shared numeral classifiers

pp.：  51 – 53

1.4.2 Research on the Classical Newar language

pp.：  54 – 55

1.4.3 Three classes of Thangmi and Classical Newar correspondences

pp.：  56 – 65

1.4.3.1 Shared common reflexes of Tibeto-Burman

pp.：  57 – 60

1.4.3.2 Shared Indo-Aryan loans

pp.：  61 – 62

1.4.3.3 Lexical correspondences specific to Thangmi and Newar

pp.：  63 – 65

1.5 Concluding thoughts on the genetic affinity of Thangmi

pp.：  66 – 68

CHAPTER TWO THE THANGMI ETHNOLINGUISTIC CONTEXT

pp.：  69 – 200

2.1 Previous research on the Thangmi and their language

pp.：  69 – 100

2.1.1 Writings in European languages

pp.：  69 – 81

2.1.2 Religious writings

pp.：  82 – 88

2.1.2.1 Christian writings

pp.：  83 – 86

2.1.2.2 Evangelical writings

pp.：  87 – 88

2.1.3 Journalistic writings

pp.：  89 – 90

2.1.4 Nepali language writings

pp.：  91 – 100

2.1.4.1 Nepali language scholarship

pp.：  91 – 96

2.1.4.2 Nepali language literature and journalism

pp.：  97 – 98

2.1.4.3 Nepali language political writings

pp.：  99 – 100

2.2 Ethnonyms and toponyms

pp.：  101 – 112

2.2.1 Thangmi ethnonyms

pp.：  101 – 105

2.2.2 Thangmi terms for Tamang, Newar and the Se connection

pp.：  106 – 107

2.2.3 Thangmi terms for caste Hindus and the importance of beef

pp.：  108 – 110

2.2.4 Thangmi toponyms

pp.：  111 – 112

2.3 The distribution of ethnic Thangmi and speakers of the language

pp.：  113 – 125

2.3.1 The geographical distribution of Thangmi speakers

pp.：  113 – 115

2.3.2 Thangmi population statistics

pp.：  116 – 125

2.3.2.1 Thangmi population statistics prior to 1991

pp.：  123 – 123

2.3.2.2 Consensus for the census and modern identity politics

pp.：  124 – 125

2.4 The status of the Thangmi language and its dialects

pp.：  126 – 145

2.4.1 The Thangmi dialect continuum: Dolakhâ and Sindhupâlcok

pp.：  126 – 138

2.4.2 Multilingualism and the retention of the Thangmi language

pp.：  139 – 141

2.4.3 Historically documented stages of the Thangmi language

pp.：  142 – 145

2.5 The Thangmi mythological world

pp.：  146 – 145

2.5.1 Genesis

pp.：  146 – 147

2.5.2 Thangmi ethnogenesis

pp.：  148 – 153

2.5.2.1 Narrative

pp.：  148 – 151

2.5.2.2 Analysis

pp.：  152 – 153

2.6 An ethnolinguistic analysis of Thangmi clan names and structure

pp.：  154 – 153

2.6.1 Parents of the clans

pp.：  154 – 155

2.6.2 Male clans

pp.：  156 – 158

2.6.3 Female clans

pp.：  159 – 162

2.6.4 Later arrivals

pp.：  163 – 165

2.6.5 Earlier writings on Thangmi clans

pp.：  166 – 167

2.7 Thangmi kinship terminology and social structure

pp.：  168 – 167

2.7.1 The context of Thangmi kinship

pp.：  168 – 169

2.7.2 Representing kinship

pp.：  170 – 170

2.7.3 Thangmi kinship terminology

pp.：  171 – 179

2.7.4 The sex of speaker distinction

pp.：  180 – 182

2.7.5 The morphology of Thangmi kinship terms

pp.：  183 – 184

2.7.6 Thangmi kinship terms and their Tibeto-Burman cognates

pp.：  185 – 186

2.8 Thangmi religious and cultural practice

pp.：  187 – 186

2.8.1 The central role of the Thangmi guru

pp.：  187 – 188

2.8.2 The ritual world

pp.：  189 – 189

2.8.3 Marriage

pp.：  190 – 190

2.8.4 Death

pp.：  191 – 191

2.9 Notes on the history of Dolakhâ

pp.：  192 – 194

2.9.1 The Simraunga∂h connection

pp.：  195 – 196

2.9.2 Cultural connections between the Thangmi and Newar

pp.：  197 – 200

CHAPTER THREE PHONOLOGY

pp.：  201 – 244

3.1 Vowels

pp.：  202 – 210

3.1.1 Overview of vowel phonemes

pp.：  202 – 201

3.1.2 Monophthongs and their allophones

pp.：  202 – 203

3.1.3 Diphthongs and their allophones

pp.：  204 – 206

3.1.4 Nasality

pp.：  207 – 208

3.1.5 Vowel minimal pairs

pp.：  209 – 210

3.2 Consonants

pp.：  211 – 210

3.2.1 Overview of consonant phonemes

pp.：  211 – 211

3.2.2 Obstruents and their allophones

pp.：  212 – 220

3.2.2.1 Velar stops

pp.：  212 – 213

3.2.2.2 Retroflex stops

pp.：  214 – 215

3.2.2.3 Palatal stops

pp.：  216 – 216

3.2.2.4 Dental stops

pp.：  217 – 218

3.2.2.5 Bilabial stops

pp.：  219 – 220

3.2.3 Nasals

pp.：  221 – 222

3.2.4 Glottal stop

pp.：  223 – 225

3.2.5 Fricatives, trills and laterals

pp.：  226 – 227

3.2.6 Approximants

pp.：  228 – 230

3.2.7 Consonant minimal pairs

pp.：  231 – 234

3.2.7.1 Distinctiveness of voicing

pp.：  231 – 231

3.2.7.2 Distinctiveness of aspiration and breathy articulation

pp.：  232 – 232

3.2.7.3 Distinctiveness of nasals

pp.：  233 – 233

3.2.7.4 Distinctiveness of other consonants

pp.：  234 – 234

3.3 Phonotactics, syllables and the Thangmi word

pp.：  235 – 240

3.3.1 Stress

pp.：  235 – 235

3.3.2 Syllable structure

pp.：  236 – 239

3.3.3 Consonant clusters and geminate consonants

pp.：  240 – 240

3.4 Prosodic lengthening

pp.：  241 – 241

3.5 The phonology of loans from Nepali

pp.：  242 – 242

3.6 The orthography

pp.：  243 – 244

CHAPTER FOUR MORPHOPHONOLOGY

pp.：  245 – 260

4.1 Remnants of a liquid-nasal alternation

pp.：  245 – 245

4.2 Assimilation

pp.：  246 – 246

4.3 The morphophonology of intervocalic approximants

pp.：  247 – 259

4.4 Syncope

pp.：  260 – 260

CHAPTER FIVE NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY

pp.：  261 – 390

5.1 Gender

pp.：  261 – 267

5.2 Number

pp.：  268 – 274

5.2.1 Plural

pp.：  268 – 272

5.2.2 Pronominal plural for third person

pp.：  273 – 274

5.3 Case

pp.：  275 – 317

5.3.1 Unmarked

pp.：  275 – 274

5.3.2 Ergative

pp.：  275 – 278

5.3.3 Instrumental

pp.：  279 – 285

5.3.4 Genitive

pp.：  286 – 293

5.3.5 Locative

pp.：  294 – 300

5.3.6 Comitative

pp.：  301 – 305

5.3.7 Patient marking for direct and indirect objects

pp.：  306 – 313

5.3.8 Ablative

pp.：  314 – 317

5.4 Postpositions

pp.：  318 – 326

5.4.1 The postpositions prif ‘outside, without’ and duf ‘within’

pp.：  318 – 318

5.4.2 The postposition dăi ‘towards’

pp.：  319 – 320

5.4.3 The postposition ka ‘throughout’

pp.：  321 – 321

5.4.4 The postposition habi ‘before, in front of’

pp.：  322 – 324

5.4.5 The postposition unif ‘like, as, than’

pp.：  325 – 326

5.5 Compounding and miscellaneous nominal suffixes

pp.：  327 – 334

5.5.1 Diminutive

pp.：  328 – 328

5.5.2 The topic marker be

pp.：  329 – 331

5.5.3 The individuative suffix guri

pp.：  332 – 334

5.6 Pronouns

pp.：  335 – 346

5.6.1 Personal pronouns

pp.：  335 – 337

5.6.2 Morphemic analysis of personal pronouns

pp.：  338 – 337

5.6.3 Interrogative pronouns

pp.：  338 – 345

5.6.4 The affable suffix che

pp.：  346 – 346

5.7 Adjectives

pp.：  347 – 355

5.7.1 Colour adjectives

pp.：  350 – 355

5.8 Intensifiers and quantifiers

pp.：  356 – 357

5.9 Numerals

pp.：  358 – 371

5.9.1 Simple numerals and their classifiers

pp.：  358 – 368

5.9.2 Numeral decades

pp.：  369 – 371

5.10 Adverbs of time and the adverbs woi ‘also’ and jukun ‘only’

pp.：  372 – 386

5.10.1 Periods of a day

pp.：  373 – 375

5.10.2 Past and future days

pp.：  376 – 379

5.10.3 Past and future years

pp.：  380 – 381

5.10.4 Telling the time

pp.：  382 – 382

5.10.5 The adverb libi ‘after, behind’

pp.：  383 – 384

5.10.6 The adverb woi ‘also’

pp.：  385 – 385

5.10.7 The adverb jukun ‘only’

pp.：  386 – 386

5.11 Some bound nominal elements

pp.：  387 – 390

5.11.1 The ‘person’ morph

pp.：  387 – 387

5.11.2 The ‘grain or usable plant matter’ morph

pp.：  388 – 387

5.11.3 The ‘round and fairly hard internal body organ’ morph

pp.：  388 – 388

5.11.4 The ‘tree or wood’ morph

pp.：  389 – 390

CHAPTER SIX MORPHOLOGY OF SIMPLICIA

pp.：  391 – 444

6.1 Affixal slots

pp.：  392 – 395

6.2 Morphophonology of the verb root in simplicia

pp.：  396 – 395

6.3 The verb stem

pp.：  396 – 400

6.3.1 The irregular verb hen-sa

pp.：  397 – 398

6.3.2 The irregular verb cya-sa

pp.：  399 – 400

6.4 Simplex person and number agreement morphemes

pp.：  401 – 405

6.5 Prefixes

pp.：  406 – 408

6.5.1 The negative morpheme

pp.：  407 – 408

6.6 Suffixes

pp.：  409 – 444

6.6.1 The reflexive morpheme

pp.：  410 – 414

6.6.2 The non-first person singular agent or subject morpheme

pp.：  415 – 416

6.6.3 The plural agent or plural subject morpheme

pp.：  417 – 420

6.6.4 The second person plural actant morpheme

pp.：  421 – 422

6.6.5 The first person plural patient or subject morpheme

pp.：  423 – 425

6.6.6 The first person plural to second or third person morpheme

pp.：  426 – 426

6.6.7 The third person patient morpheme

pp.：  427 – 429

6.6.8 The second person singular actant morpheme

pp.：  430 – 432

6.6.9 The first person singular actant morpheme

pp.：  433 – 435

6.6.10 The first person singular to third person morpheme

pp.：  436 – 436

6.6.11 Tense morphemes

pp.：  437 – 440

6.6.12 The preterite tense third person subject morpheme

pp.：  441 – 441

6.6.13 The preterite tense third person to third person morpheme

pp.：  442 – 442

6.6.14 The preterite tense first person to third person morpheme

pp.：  443 – 444

CHAPTER SEVEN OTHER VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONSAND MORPHOSYNTAX

pp.：  445 – 522

7.1 Verbs ‘to be’

pp.：  445 – 455

7.1.1 The verb tha-sa

pp.：  445 – 450

7.1.2 The verb hok-sa

pp.：  451 – 455

7.2 The verb ‘to be okay’

pp.：  456 – 456

7.3 The verb ‘to appear’

pp.：  457 – 458

7.4 The infinitive

pp.：  459 – 464

7.5 The supine

pp.：  465 – 466

7.6 The imperative

pp.：  467 – 482

7.6.1 The singular to first person singular imperative morpheme

pp.：  468 – 469

7.6.2 The plural to first person singular imperative morpheme

pp.：  470 – 470

7.6.3 The singular to first person plural imperative morpheme

pp.：  471 – 471

7.6.4 The plural to first person plural imperative morpheme

pp.：  472 – 471

7.6.5 The singular to third person imperative morpheme

pp.：  472 – 472

7.6.6 The plural to third person imperative morpheme

pp.：  473 – 473

7.6.7 The singular intransitive imperative morpheme

pp.：  474 – 475

7.6.8 The plural intransitive imperative morpheme

pp.：  476 – 476

7.6.9 The reflexive imperative morpheme

pp.：  477 – 477

7.6.10 Negative imperatives

pp.：  478 – 479

7.6.11 The singular intransitive negative imperative morpheme

pp.：  480 – 482

7.7 Speech particles

pp.：  483 – 486

7.7.1 Reported speech

pp.：  483 – 483

7.7.2 Direct and indirect speech

pp.：  484 – 486

7.8 The optative

pp.：  487 – 487

7.9 The adhortative

pp.：  488 – 493

7.10 The causative

pp.：  494 – 497

7.11 The permissive

pp.：  498 – 498

7.12 Compound verbs of motion

pp.：  499 – 501

7.13 Gerunds

pp.：  502 – 506

7.13.1 The present gerund

pp.：  502 – 503

7.13.2 The perfect gerund

pp.：  504 – 506

7.14 Participles

pp.：  507 – 513

7.14.1 The participial ending <-le>

pp.：  507 – 507

7.14.2 The transitive preterite participle

pp.：  508 – 510

7.14.3 The intransitive preterite participle

pp.：  511 – 513

7.15 The negative participial suffix <-ki>

pp.：  514 – 517

7.17 The third person singular conditional ending <-thyo>

pp.：  518 – 520

7.18 The continuous background activity suffix <-ăi>

pp.：  521 – 522

Volume 2

pp.：  523 – 1002

Brill’sTibetan StudiesLibrary

pp.：  524 – 525

Copyright page

pp.：  526 – 526

CONTENTS

pp.：  527 – 1002

VOLUME TWO: LEXICON AND TEXTS

pp.：  527 – 528

TEXTS

pp.：  529 – 798

Introduction to the texts

pp.：  529 – 529

Getting married to a young girl

pp.：  530 – 533

The father who sold his daughter

pp.：  534 – 536

Chat between friends

pp.：  537 – 539

Lile’s life story

pp.：  540 – 551

Smoking

pp.：  552 – 556

Youngest son

pp.：  557 – 559

Your fate

pp.：  560 – 566

Shaman

pp.：  567 – 572

Kathmandu

pp.：  573 – 576

New name

pp.：  577 – 579

Mushrooms

pp.：  580 – 583

Elder brother

pp.：  584 – 586

The god of the Thangmi

pp.：  587 – 589

Kabita

pp.：  590 – 592

Thangmi history

pp.：  593 – 601

Dog resting place

pp.：  602 – 603

The story of the jackal

pp.：  604 – 606

Sixteen sacred stones

pp.：  607 – 608

Running away to Kathmandu

pp.：  609 – 612

Poor man’s burden

pp.：  613 – 616

Hen-pecked husband

pp.：  617 – 626

Round face

pp.：  627 – 637

Blackie

pp.：  638 – 647

The missing bread

pp.：  648 – 652

Greedy sister

pp.：  653 – 661

Feeding the animals

pp.：  662 – 667

Mother-daughter

pp.：  668 – 676

Brother-sister

pp.：  677 – 687

Own people

pp.：  688 – 694

Appearance

pp.：  695 – 702

Thief

pp.：  703 – 705

Tamang

pp.：  706 – 710

Friend

pp.：  711 – 717

Uncle

pp.：  718 – 725

Old woman and chicken

pp.：  726 – 732

The way it used to be

pp.：  733 – 735

Co-wife

pp.：  736 – 745

Mouse

pp.：  746 – 753

Women nowadays

pp.：  754 – 760

Cucumber

pp.：  761 – 770

Going to the Wedding

pp.：  771 – 774

Girls these days

pp.：  775 – 778

Boys these days

pp.：  779 – 785

Daughter-in-law

pp.：  786 – 791

Son is killed

pp.：  792 – 798

THANGMI LEXICON

pp.：  799 – 962

Introduction to the lexicon

pp.：  799 – 962

APPENDIX: KINSHIP CHARTS

pp.：  963 – 978

BIBLIOGRAPHY

pp.：  979 – 990

INDEX

pp.：  991 – 1002