Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road

pp.：  3 – 3

Copyright

pp.：  4 – 4

Table of Contents

pp.：  5 – 8

List of Tables and Figures

pp.：  9 – 16

Introduction

pp.：  17 – 32

I. The Ejina River Oasis Finds and the Xi Xia State (1038–1226 AD)

pp.：  33 – 92

I.1. The Ejina River and Its Oasis Region

pp.：  33 – 33

I.2. Regarding the Heicheng (Khara-khoto) Site Finds

pp.：  34 – 37

I.3. Concerning the Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain Uncovered at Heicheng (Khara-khoto)

pp.：  38 – 43

I.4. The Wide Distribution of Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain at Sites Throughout the Ejina River Oasis Region and Its Discovery at Sites North of the Xi Xia Lucheng City-Site

pp.：  44 – 56

I.5. Our Survey of Heicheng (Khara-khoto) and Sites in Its Vicinity

pp.：  57 – 57

I.6. Interpreting the Significance of Pre-Ming Blue and White at Lucheng, Khara-baishing and Sites Throughout the Ejina River Oasis Region, as well as the Heicheng (Khara-khoto) Site Itself

pp.：  58 – 65

I.7. Comparisons to Better Appreciate How the Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain at the Heicheng (Khara-khoto) Site is not Related to the 13th-14th Century Mongol Occupation-horizon There

pp.：  66 – 76

I.8. The Mongols’ Preference for Gold and Silver; Their Indifference to Porcelain

pp.：  77 – 89

I.9. The Xi Xia’s Profound Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Song China; Their Admiration of Chinese Ceramics

pp.：  90 – 92

II. The Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 AD)

pp.：  93 – 224

II.1. Regarding the Baotou Yanjialiang Site Finds, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

pp.：  94 – 96

II.2. Historical Geography and Verification of the Stratigraphic Deposition at the Yanjialiang Site

pp.：  97 – 104

II.3. Numismatic Discoveries in the Baotou Region and the Identity of the Yanjialiang Site

pp.：  105 – 109

II.4. Jin/Xi Xia Commercial History; Ascertaining the Chronology of the Yanjialiang Site

pp.：  110 – 114

II.5. The Pre-Ming Blue and White Large Plate Uncovered at the Tuoketuo Xian Xibaita City-site

pp.：  115 – 118

II.6. The 1165 AD Jin/Southern Song Longxing Peace Agreement; Assessing the Appearance of Pre-Ming Blue and White at the Baotou Yanjialiang Site or the Xibaita City-site in Tuoketuo Xian

pp.：  119 – 124

II.7. Regarding the Junzhou-kiln Incense-Burner with a Cyclical Date Inscription from the Baita Village Hoard and the Jin Occupation- Horizon at the Fengzhou City-Site

pp.：  125 – 137

II.8. Regarding Jin Occupation-horizon Finds at the Chengbuzi City-site North of Modern-day Siziwang Banner City

pp.：  138 – 141

II.9. Evidence of the Ferocity of Genghis Khan’s Attack on Cities along the Jin’s Northwestern Frontier

pp.：  142 – 144

II.10. Concerning the Jin Dynasty Jiehao Defense Wall

pp.：  145 – 149

II.11. Concerning Discoveries at Village and Ancient City-sites North of the Chengbuzi Site and South of the Jin Jiehao Defense Wall; Contrasting Jin/Onggut Tastes Regarding Chinese Ceramics, 11th–14th Centuries AD

pp.：  150 – 160

II.12. Ceramics Hoards in the Chifeng Region; Southwest of Beijing; the Huocheng Xian Hoard in Xinjiang

pp.：  161 – 179

II.13. The Beijing Jiugulou Boulevard Hoard

pp.：  180 – 196

II.14. The Beijing Houyingfang Site Finds and the Jin Wanninggong Summer Palace

pp.：  197 – 224

III. Song and Yuan: A Review of the Evidence

pp.：  225 – 512

III.1. Regarding the Percival David Collection Vases

pp.：  229 – 242

III.2. The Percival David Collection Vases Constitute Circumstantial Evidence of the Production of Official-kiln Blue and White Porcelain during the Yuan Dynasty

pp.：  243 – 243

III.3. Regarding the Jiangxi Province Gao’an Xian Hoard Finds

pp.：  244 – 247

III.4. Hao Jing Lays Out for Khubilai Khan His Plan of Attack on the Southern Song (1258 AD)

pp.：  248 – 248

III.5. The Mongol Forces Cross the Huai River, Advance on Anhui Province, and the Anqing City Hoard Finds

pp.：  249 – 252

III.6. The Anhui Province Shexian Hoards and Shufu-marked Porcelain

pp.：  253 – 281

III.7. Kamer Agla-Oglu on Shufu-type and Blue and White Porcelains as Song Products

pp.：  282 – 282

III.8. The Mongol Advance on Jiangsu Province and the Dantu Xian Hoard Finds

pp.：  283 – 286

III.9. Cross-dating the Hangzhou City Hoard to the Yuan Dynasty by Comparison with the Shanxi Province Chen Village Huozhou Kiln-site Finds

pp.：  287 – 293

III.10. “Peacock-colored”-glaze Porcelains and the Song Dynasty

pp.：  294 – 303

III.11. Pre-Ming Official-kiln Porcelains Fashioned in the Shape of Ancient Bronzes (and Jades) and the Song Dynasty

pp.：  304 – 316

III.12. Pre-Ming Official-kiln Gold-painted Porcelains and the Song Dynasty

pp.：  317 – 321

III.13. Regarding the Hangzhou City Hoard White-glazed Stem-cup and Longquan-kiln Porcelain

pp.：  322 – 321

III.14. Chronological Table of Hoard Discoveries in North and South China and Song Records about Burying Hoards

pp.：  322 – 329

III.15. Cross-dating Unmarked Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain with the Percival David Collection Vases

pp.：  330 – 334

III.16. Regarding the Sinan Shipwreck Finds, Korea

pp.：  335 – 339

III.17. John Addis on Ming Tomb Discoveries and the Axiomatic Terminus ante Quem

pp.：  340 – 340

III.18. Regarding Pre-Ming Porcelain Finds in the Philippines

pp.：  341 – 348

III.19. The Blinkered View

pp.：  349 – 351

III.20. The Origin of Underglaze Technology in China

pp.：  352 – 358

III.21. Regarding the Use of Kaolin and Firing Temperature

pp.：  359 – 363

III.22. The Meaning of the Term “Qingbai” in Song and Later Texts

pp.：  364 – 369

III.23. Jiang Qi’s Taoji Written between 1214–1234 AD

pp.：  370 – 373

III.24. The Taoji’s Record of the Song Hutian Kilns and Discoveries at the Hutian Site

pp.：  374 – 378

III.25. Regarding Pre-Ming Official-kiln Porcelain from the Jingdezhen Fengjing Road Zhushan Site

pp.：  379 – 381

III.26. Dating Pre-Ming Official-kiln Porcelains by “Yuan-era Lamanist Buddhist” Designs

pp.：  382 – 384

III.27. Regarding Liu Xinyuan’s Assertion the Fengjing Road Zhushan Site Porcelains are Products of the Yuan Emperor Wenzong’s Era

pp.：  385 – 387

III.28. The Fengjing Road Zhushan Site Porcelains and the Two-horned, Five- clawed Dragon during the Yuan Dynasty

pp.：  388 – 393

III.29. Regarding the Taiwan National Palace Museum Dingzhou-kiln Plate, the Kansas City Nelson-Atkins Museum Cizhou-kiln Vase, and Other Evidence that the Two-horned, Five-clawed Dragon Design was an Imperial Emblem of the Song Dynasty

pp.：  394 – 397

III.30. Regarding the Yuan Ban on Embroidering the Two-horned, Five-clawed Dragon and Other Designs on Clothing and the Song Dynasty

pp.：  398 – 402

III.31. The Ming Dynasty Founders Adopt Song Imperial Insignia

pp.：  403 – 404

III.32. Porcelain Recoveries from Early Ming Tombs and Li Weiran’s “Assaying the Periodization of Blue and White Porcelain from Early Ming Tombs in the Nanjing Vicinity”

pp.：  405 – 407

III.33. Regarding the “Taixi”-marked Plates with the Two-horned, Five-clawed Dragon Design

pp.：  408 – 418

III.34. Regarding the Jingdezhen Pre-Ming Official-kiln White-glaze Stem-cups with the Two-horned, Five-clawed Dragon Design from the Jingdezhen Hutian and Fengjing Road Zhushan Sites, the Jiangxi Gao’an Xian, Anhui Shexian, Zhejiang Hangzhou City Hoards, and the Shanghai Yuan Era Renshi Family Tombs

pp.：  419 – 421

III.35. Concerning the Pre-Ming Chunshou-marked Blue and White Vases with the Two-horned, Five-clawed Dragon Design

pp.：  422 – 424

III.36. Song Precedents for Ming Ceramics

pp.：  425 – 427

III.37. Regarding the Pre-Ming Official-kiln Blue-glazed Background Porcelains from the Fengjing Road Zhushan Site and Elsewhere

pp.：  428 – 433

III.38. Liu Xinyuan and Suzanne Valenstein’s Failure to Recognize the Two- horned, Five-clawed Dragon as Song Imperial Insignia

pp.：  434 – 434

III.39. Reevaluating Pre-Ming Porcelain Found on the Maritime Silk Road

pp.：  435 – 442

III.40. Concerning Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain in the Topkapi Saray Museum, Istanbul, and the Ancient Near East

pp.：  443 – 446

III.41. Regarding Pre-Ming Porcelain Retrieved at the Fustat Site, Egypt and the Hama Site, Syria

pp.：  447 – 450

III.42. Regarding Pre-Ming Porcelain Retrieved at Aidhab, from the Red Sea, and in East Africa

pp.：  451 – 460

III.43. Current Opinion Confining the Perfection, Mass Production, and Export of Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain throughout the Ancient World to a Mere 22 Years during the Yuan Dynasty

pp.：  461 – 463

III.44. Regarding Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain Retrieved in Java and the Islands Java Associated with

pp.：  464 – 473

III.45. Regarding Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain Retrieved in India

pp.：  474 – 478

III.46. Regarding the Custom of Eating with the Hands from Large Plates

pp.：  479 – 487

III.47. Pu Shougeng and Muslim Merchants at the Quanzhou Harbor

pp.：  488 – 488

III.48. John Pope’s Failure with the Song Zhufanzhi Record and the Dispersion of Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain to the Ancient World

pp.：  489 – 490

III.49. Regarding the Song “Royal Earth Kilns (Yutuyao)”

pp.：  491 – 512

Appendix 1: Concerning the Pre-Ming Blue and White Yuhuchun Vase Retrieved from the Yuan Tomb near Wengniute Banner, Inner Mongolia

pp.：  513 – 514

Appendix 2: Concerning the Yuhuchun Wine Vase

pp.：  515 – 518

IV. Cobalt

pp.：  519 – 558

IV.1. Tests Conducted by William J. Young and Stuart Young

pp.：  519 – 519

IV.2. Past Interpretation of William J. Young and Stuart Young’s Tests

pp.：  520 – 525

IV.3. The Inadequacy of Early Interpretation of Tests by William J. Young and Stuart Young

pp.：  526 – 526

IV.4. Cobalt-bearing Ores Used in Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain Did Not Originate from Iran

pp.：  527 – 535

IV.5. Interpreting Ancient Chinese Names for Cobalt-bearing Ores Used in Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain

pp.：  536 – 538

IV.6. Misinterpreting Ancient Chinese Records and Confusing Iranian and Indonesian Sources for the Cobalt-bearing Ores Used in Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain

pp.：  539 – 542

IV.7. “Wumingyi” and the High-iron Content Cobalt-bearing Ores Used in Pre-Ming Blue and White Porcelain

pp.：  543 – 551

IV.8. The Future of this Research

pp.：  552 – 558

References

pp.：  559 – 592

Index

pp.：  593 – 604

Figures

pp.：  605 – 678