PREFACE

ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE THE IDENTITY OF "THE NEW COVENANT IN THE LAND OFDAMASCUS": A NEW LITERARY ANALYSIS OF CD XIX-XX (PART I)

1.1 Introduction

1.2 On the Literary Unity of CD) VIL9-VIII,12/XIX,5b-25a

1.3 Critique of the "Princes of Judah" or of "Those Who Depart from Judah"?

1.4 The Isaiah-Amos-Numbers Midrash (CD VILJO-VIILJa) and the Zechariah-Ezekiel Midrash (CD XIX, 7-13b)

1.5 The Original End of the Admonition

1.6 Conclusion

CHAPTER TWO THE IDENTITY OF "THE NEW COVENANT IN THE LAND OF DAMASCUS": A NEW LITERARY ANALYSIS OF CD XIX-XX (PART II)

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Punctuation of CD XIX33b-XX, 1a

2.3 The "New Covenant" in CD XIX,33-34 and XX, 12

2.4 The Origins and Function of CDXX,1b-8a, 13b-34

2.5 Conclusion

CHAPTER THREE: THE BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF "THE NEW COVENANT IN THE LAND OF DAMASCUS"

3.1 Introduction

3.2 "Entering the New Covenant in the Land of Damascus"

3.2.1 The Moab Covenant as Entrance into a New Covenant

3.2.2 The Preaching of the Prophets to the Exiles and Its Reception by the Deuteronomists

3.2.3 "The Land of Damascus" as the Place of Israel's Exile in D

3.2.4 Summary and Prospect

3.3 The New Covenant as the Initiative of God

3.4 The Relationship between Covenant and New Covenant

3.5 The Usage ofthe Term "The New Covenant in the Land of Damascus" in D

3.6 An Eschatological New Covenant?

3.7 Conclusion

Appendix 1: Covenant and New Covenant in the Sinai Pericope

Appendix 2: Jubilees and New Covenant Theology

Appendix 3: Jeremiah 31:31 in 4QL1" (4Q271) 4 ii 1-4?

CHAPTER FOUR THE ORIGINS OF THE DAMASCUS COVENANT

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Hypothesis of Morton Smith

4.3 Coordinate #1: The Returneesfrom Exile and the Deuteronomistic Theology

4.3.1 The Analogy of לארשי יבש and הלונה ינב

4.3.2 The Theology and Political Ideology ofthe Returnees from Exile

4.3.3 Conclusion

4.4 Coordinate #2. The Integration of the רג and the Covenant "forall Israel"

4.4.1 The Problem ofthe Foreigner in Post-Exilic Judah

4.4.2 The Status of the רג in Old Testament Literature

4.4.3 The Chronicler's Vision for Israel and the Place of theSamaritans

4.4.4 The Damascus Covenant as a Covenant for all Israel

4.4.5 Conclusion

4.5 Coordinate #3: The Polity of the Chronicler

4.5.1 Zadokites and Levites

4.5.2 Compromise between Priestly and Deuteronomic Traditions

4.5.3 The Judean Polity in Chronicles and in the Damascus Covenant

4.5.4 Conclusion

4.6 The Matrix ofthe Damascus Covenant

4.7 The Relationship ofthe Present Hypothesis to Hypotheses on Qumran Origins

CHAPTER FIVE FROM THE DAMASCUS COVENANT TO THE QUMRANCOMMUNITY: THE EMERGENCE OF THE YAHAD

5.1 Introduction

5.2 From the "Camp" to the Community

5.2.1 Continuity and Development in Polity

5.2.2 Continuity in Halakah

5.3 The Rise ofthe yahad. The Intermediate Period

5.3.1 The Evidence of MMT

5.3.2 The Problem of Purity

5.3.3 The Origin of the yahad as a Refuge from Impurity

5.3.4 The Debate over Purity in the Historical Context of the Development of Halakah

5.4 Who Was the Preacher of the Lie?

5.5 The Community's Self- Understanding as a Substitute for theTemple

5.6 The Move to the Desert

5.7 The Community Headed by the Zadokite Priesthood

5.8 Conclusion

CHAPTER SIX THE ORIGINS AND FUNCTION OF QUMRAN DUALISM

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Three Major Sources of Qumran Dualism

6.2.1 The Dualism of the Aramaic Sacerdotal Texts

6.2.2 The Dualism of the Sapiential Tradition

6.2.3 Sapiential Tradition and Cosmic andAnthropological Dualismin 1QSIII, 13-IV, 26

6.2.4 Eschatological War Dualism

6.2.5 The Date and Historical Setting ofthe Rule of War

6.3 The Analogy of Jubilees in the Development of Qumran Dualism

6.4 Summary on the Origins and Function of Qumran Dualism

6.5 Dualism in the Damascus Covenant?

6.6 The Dualism ofthe Sapiential Tradition in the Discourses of CD

6.7 Cosmic Dualism as Secondary Addition in CD

6.8 Conclusion

CHAPTER SEVEN COVENANT, LAW, AND THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF GOD: ASTUDY IN THE HODAYOT OF QUMRAN

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Genre, Authorship, and Relative Chronology ofthe Hymns

7.3 Covenantal Traditions in lQH' VII, 8-26 [Suk. XV,8-26]

7.4 Covenantal Traditions in LQli" VL8-22 [Suk. XIV,8-22]

7.5 Covenant and the Righteousness of God in lQS IX,26-XI, 22

7.6 The yahad and the Revelation of Human Sinfulness

7.7 The yahad as Locus of Justification

7.8 Conclusion

CHAPTER EIGHT COVENANT RENEWAL IN THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS ANDJUBILEES AND ITS BIBLICAL ORIGINS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Concept of Covenant Renewal in Jubilees

8.3 The Roots of the Concept of Covenant Renewal in the OT

8.4 Covenant Renewal in the Dead Sea Scrolls

8.5 The Merging of Temple, Kingdom, and the People of God

8.6 Conclusion

CHAPTER NINE CD III,17b-IV,12a AND THE ORIGINS OF THE QUMRAN COMMUNITY

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Literary-Critical Problem in CD III,17

9.3 CD III, J7b-J8a as Retrospective from the Qumran Community

9.4 The "Sure House" of CD III,19-20 as the Zadokite-Led Qumran Community

9.5 CD III,21-IV,4b and the Development of the Qumran Community

9.6 A Missing List of Members of the yahad in CD IV,4c-6a

9.7 Atonement Only for Members of the Community

9.8 Conclusion

CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Historical Summary

10.3 Covenantal Theology

10.4 Literary Stratigraphy

10.5 Relationship to Other Hypotheses

10.6 The Essenes ofthe Classical Sources

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS

INDEX OF SCRIPTURE REFERENCES

INDEX OF OTHER ANCIENT SOURCES