Foreword (Quentin D. Wheeler)

pp.：  13 – 16

Contributors

pp.：  17 – 20

Section I: Regional Diversity of Diptera

pp.：  21 – 296

Chapter One. Nearctic Diptera: Twenty Years Later (F. Christian Thompson)

pp.：  23 – 66

Introduction

pp.：  23 – 46

Past

pp.：  27 – 30

Fauna

pp.：  31 – 37

Resources

pp.：  38 – 43

Research Program

pp.：  44 – 46

Summary

pp.：  47 – 46

Acknowledgements

pp.：  47 – 55

References

pp.：  56 – 66

Chapter Two. Hawaii’s Dipt era Biodiversity (Neal L. Evenhuis)

pp.：  67 – 90

Introduction

pp.：  67 – 66

Part 1. Biogeography and Diversity of the Hawaiian Diptera Fauna

pp.：  67 – 82

Background

pp.：  67 – 68

Origin of the Hawaiian Fauna

pp.：  69 – 69

Diversity of the Hawaiian Diptera Fauna

pp.：  70 – 78

Biogeographic Affinities of the Hawaiian Diptera Fauna

pp.：  79 – 80

Threats to the Fauna

pp.：  81 – 82

Part 2. History and Future of Hawaiian Dipterology

pp.：  83 – 86

History of Collections

pp.：  83 – 83

Collecting Methods

pp.：  84 – 85

Inventorying the Data

pp.：  86 – 85

Future of Hawaiian Diptera Biodiversity

pp.：  86 – 86

Acknowledgements

pp.：  87 – 87

References

pp.：  88 – 90

Chapter Three. Neotropical Diptera Diversity: Richness, Patterns, and Perspectives (Dalton de Souza Amorim)

pp.：  91 – 117

Introduction

pp.：  91 – 108

Neotropical Region: Delimitation and Complexity

pp.：  91 – 95

Neotropical Diptera Richness

pp.：  96 – 97

Diptera Families Absent from or Poorly Represented in the Neotropical Region

pp.：  98 – 99

Endemic or Near-Endemic Families in the Neotropics

pp.：  100 – 99

Fossil Dipterans in the Neotropics

pp.：  100 – 102

Biogeographic Patterns in Neotropical Tropical Forests

pp.：  103 – 105

Highly Diverse Areas in the Neotropical Region

pp.：  106 – 106

Perspectives and Needs

pp.：  107 – 108

Acknowledgements

pp.：  109 – 109

References

pp.：  110 – 117

Chapter Four. Dipteran Biodiversity of the Galápagos (Bradley J. Sinclair)

pp.：  118 – 140

Introduction

pp.：  118 – 117

Part 1. Biogeography and Diversity of the Galápagos Diptera Fauna

pp.：  118 – 133

Physical Environment

pp.：  118 – 122

Origin of the Galápagos Fauna

pp.：  123 – 123

Diversity of the Galápagos Diptera Fauna

pp.：  124 – 130

Biogeographic Affinities of the Galápagos Diptera Fauna

pp.：  131 – 130

Threats to the Fauna

pp.：  131 – 133

Part 2. History and Future of Galápagos Dipterology

pp.：  134 – 135

History of Collections

pp.：  134 – 134

Collecting Methods

pp.：  135 – 134

Inventorying the Data

pp.：  135 – 135

Future of Dipteran Biodiversity of the Galápagos

pp.：  136 – 135

Acknowledgements

pp.：  136 – 136

References

pp.：  137 – 140

Chapter Five. Palaearctic Diptera — from Tundra to Desert (Thomas Pape)

pp.：  141 – 174

Introduction

pp.：  141 – 163

Geology and Biogeography

pp.：  141 – 142

Taxonomic History

pp.：  143 – 146

Total Estimated Fauna

pp.：  147 – 146

Special Features of the Fauna

pp.：  147 – 155

Collecting Palaearctic Diptera

pp.：  156 – 159

Means of Identification

pp.：  160 – 160

Recent Bioinformatics Initiatives

pp.：  161 – 162

Conservation

pp.：  163 – 163

Acknowledgements

pp.：  164 – 164

References

pp.：  165 – 174

Chapter Six. Afrotropical Diptera — Rich Savannas, Poor Rainforests (Ashley H. Kirk-Spriggs & Brian R. Stuckenberg)

pp.：  175 – 216

Introduction

pp.：  175 – 207

Extent of the Afrotropical Region

pp.：  177 – 177

South African Complexities

pp.：  178 – 177

Rostrum Elongation as a Notable Adaptation in the Diptera of the Cape Flora

pp.：  178 – 178

Namibia: Deserts and Arid Savannas

pp.：  179 – 182

The Rainforests

pp.：  183 – 184

Afromontane Biome

pp.：  185 – 185

Arid Coasts

pp.：  186 – 185

Savanna

pp.：  186 – 186

Madagascar

pp.：  187 – 187

Afrotropical Faunistics

pp.：  188 – 189

Estimate of Total Afrotropical Diptera Fauna

pp.：  190 – 190

Comparison to Other Zoogeographic Regions

pp.：  191 – 191

Endemic Afrotropical Families

pp.：  192 – 194

Some Absent Families

pp.：  195 – 194

Largest Afrotropical Families

pp.：  195 – 194

Least Known Families in the Afrotropics

pp.：  195 – 195

Notable Taxonomic Growth

pp.：  196 – 195

Best Known and Collected Countries

pp.：  196 – 196

Possible Gondwanan Elements in the Afrotropical Diptera

pp.：  197 – 201

Innovations in the Bioinventory of Africa's Diptera

pp.：  202 – 207

Acknowledgements

pp.：  208 – 208

References

pp.：  209 – 216

Chapter Seven. Oriental Diptera, a Challenge in Diversity and Taxonomy (Patrick Grootaert)

pp.：  217 – 246

Introduction

pp.：  217 – 241

Boundaries and a Few Definitions

pp.：  218 – 219

Origin of the Oriental Region

pp.：  220 – 223

Biomes

pp.：  224 – 224

History of Taxonomy in the Region

pp.：  225 – 225

Diversity and the Number of Species per Family

pp.：  226 – 227

Diversity and the Poor Sampling Effort: A Case Study of Elaphropeza (Empidoidea, Hybotidae)

pp.：  228 – 229

Hotspots

pp.：  230 – 230

Regional Diversity and Endemics

pp.：  231 – 233

Southeast Asia

pp.：  234 – 234

Biogeographical Patterns

pp.：  235 – 237

Circumtropical Species

pp.：  238 – 238

Disjunctive Distributions and Glaciations

pp.：  239 – 239

Mangroves, an Underestimated Source of Biodiversity

pp.：  240 – 241

General Conclusions and Challenges

pp.：  242 – 241

Acknowledgements

pp.：  242 – 242

References

pp.：  243 – 246

Chapter Eight. Diversity, Relationships and Biogeography of Australian Flies (David K. Yeates, Daniel Bickel, David K. McAlpine & Don H. Colless)

pp.：  247 – 276

Introduction

pp.：  247 – 270

The Australian Continent

pp.：  247 – 248

The Australian Fauna

pp.：  249 – 248

Total Estimated Fauna

pp.：  249 – 250

Special Features of the Fauna

pp.：  251 – 254

Biogeography

pp.：  255 – 254

Affinities and History of the Australian Diptera

pp.：  255 – 265

Ecological Biogeography of the Australian Fauna

pp.：  266 – 267

Ecological and Economic Importance

pp.：  268 – 268

Morphology and Behaviour

pp.：  269 – 268

Future Directions

pp.：  269 – 270

References

pp.：  271 – 276

Chapter Nine. Biogeography of Diptera in the Southwest Pacific (Daniel Bickel)

pp.：  277 – 296

Introduction

pp.：  277 – 290

General Regional Considerations

pp.：  280 – 282

Specific Regions

pp.：  283 – 289

Summary

pp.：  290 – 290

Acknowledgements

pp.：  291 – 290

References

pp.：  291 – 296

Section II : Diptera Biodiversity: Case Studies, Ecological Approaches and Estimation

pp.：  297 – 366

Chapter Ten. Why Hilara is not Amusing: the Problem of Open-Ended Taxa and the Limits of Taxonomic Knowledge (Daniel Bickel)

pp.：  299 – 321

Introduction

pp.：  299 – 316

Examples of Open-Ended Taxa in the Diptera

pp.：  301 – 312

Discussion

pp.：  313 – 316

Summary

pp.：  317 – 316

Acknowledgements

pp.：  317 – 317

References

pp.：  318 – 321

Chapter Eleven. Diptera as Ecological Indicators of Habitat and Habitat Change (Marc Pollet)

pp.：  322 – 342

Introduction

pp.：  322 – 322

Criteria

pp.：  323 – 336

Taxonomic Criteria

pp.：  324 – 324

Biogeographic Criteria

pp.：  325 – 325

Biological Criteria

pp.：  326 – 326

Logistic Criteria

pp.：  327 – 327

Sensitivity to Environmental Alterations

pp.：  328 – 330

How to Use Ecological Indicators in Nature Conservation?

pp.：  331 – 333

Discussion

pp.：  334 – 336

Acknowledgements

pp.：  337 – 337

References

pp.：  338 – 342

Chapter Twelve. Biodiversity Research Based on Taxonomic Revisions — A Tale of Unrealized Opportunities (Torsten Dikow, Rudolf Meier, Gaurav G. Vaidya & Jason G. H. Londt)

pp.：  343 – 366

Introduction

pp.：  343 – 362

Taxonomic Revisions: How Much Information is Available?

pp.：  345 – 345

Use of Specimen Data for Comparing the Biodiversity of ConservationAreas

pp.：  346 – 353

Use of Specimen Data for Proposing Red Lists

pp.：  354 – 354

Use of Specimen Data for Estimating Clade Species Richness

pp.：  355 – 359

Use of Specimen Data: The Numerous Problems

pp.：  360 – 360

Summary and Conclusions

pp.：  361 – 362

Acknowledgements

pp.：  363 – 362

References

pp.：  363 – 366

Section III : Bioinformatics and Dipteran Diversity

pp.：  367 – 458

Chapter Thirteen. DNA Barcoding and DNA Taxonomy in Diptera: An Assessment based on 4,261 COI S equences for 1,001 Species (Rudolf Meier & Guanyang Zhang)

pp.：  369 – 400

Introduction

pp.：  369 – 389

History: DNA Sequences in Diptera

pp.：  370 – 372

DNA Barcoding

pp.：  373 – 380

DNA Taxonomy

pp.：  381 – 384

Cost of a Molecular Taxonomy for Diptera

pp.：  385 – 386

The Need for an Integrative Taxonomy

pp.：  387 – 388

Conclusions

pp.：  389 – 389

References

pp.：  390 – 400

Chapter Fourteen. Diptera Biodiversity Informatics (Shaun L. Winterton)

pp.：  401 – 426

Introduction

pp.：  401 – 422

Databases: The Foundation of Informatics

pp.：  403 – 409

Digital Taxonomy

pp.：  410 – 411

Character Data and Matrices: Interactive Identification Tools

pp.：  412 – 413

Data Analyses

pp.：  414 – 415

Conclusions

pp.：  416 – 422

References

pp.：  423 – 426

Chapter Fifteen. Meeting the Interrelated Challenges of Tracking Specimen, Nomenclature, and Literature Data in Mandala (Gail E. Kampmeier & Michael E. Irwin)

pp.：  427 – 458

Preface

pp.：  427 – 426

Introduction

pp.：  427 – 452

Getting Started with Mandala

pp.：  433 – 433

Enter Specimen Information

pp.：  434 – 438

Interpret and Standardize Locality and Collecting Event Data

pp.：  439 – 441

Trace Nomenclatural History

pp.：  442 – 444

Track Loans

pp.：  445 – 445

Illustrations

pp.：  446 – 448

Record & Dissect Taxonomic Literature

pp.：  449 – 448

Querying Mandala

pp.：  449 – 450

Special Features

pp.：  451 – 451

Future Plans for Mandala

pp.：  452 – 452

Acknowledgements

pp.：  453 – 453

References

pp.：  454 – 454

Appendix

pp.：  455 – 458

Alphabetical Listing of Tables & their Purpose in Mandala

pp.：  455 – 458

Appendix. Species of Diptera per family for all regions

pp.：  459 – 464

Index

pp.：  465 – 479