Acknowledgements

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Criminal legislation and the 'war on terrorism'

1.2. The role of the UN Security Council

1.3. The role of the European Union

1.4. The changing role of national legislation

1.5. The scope of this book

1.6. Objectives and methods

1.7. The structure of the further analysis

Chapter 2. The UN Security Council Resolution 1373

2.1. Introduction

2.2. The concept of international terrorism

2.3. The measures

2.3.1. Introduction

2.3.2. General clauses

2.3.3. Criminalisation, prosecution and punishment

2.3.4. Freezing funds and not making funds available to terrorists

2.3.5. Refraining from active and passive support for terrorism

2.3.6. Cooperation with other states and the implementation of conventions

2.3.7. The Counter-Terrorism Committee

2.4. The legislative character of the Resolution

2.5. The legal basis for the Resolution

2.5.1. Introduction

2.5.2. The UN Charter, Article 39

2.5.3. The UN Charter, Article 41

2.5.4. The UN Principles and Purposes

2.5.4.1. Respect for Human Rights

2.5.4.2. State sovereignty and equality

2.5.5. Subsequent state practice

Chapter 3. The EU Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism

3.1. Introduction

3.2. The concepts of terrorism and terrorist offences

3.3. The measures

3.3.1. Introduction

3.3.2. Criminalisation

3.3.3. The level of penalties

3.3.4. Obligations concerning legal persons

3.3.5. Jurisdiction and prosecution

3.3.6. Protection of victims

3.3.7. Respect for fundamental rights and principles

3.3.8. Implementation and reports

3.4. The legal basis for the Framework Decision

3.5. The legislative character of the Framework Decision

Chapter 4. The Process of Implementation in National Criminal Law

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Denmark

4.3. Norway

4.4. Sweden

4.5. Finland

4.6. The Netherlands

4.7. Germany

Chapter 5. Terrorist Offences

5.1. Introduction

5.2. The duty to deem terrorist offences as such

5.2.1. The Framework Decision

5.2.2. National implementation

5.3. The basic offences

5.3.1. Introduction

5.3.2. Attacks upon a person's life

5.3.2.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.2.2. National implementation

5.3.3. Attacks upon a person's physical integrity

5.3.3.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.3.2. National implementation

5.3.4. Kidnapping and hostage taking

5.3.4.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.4.2. National implementation

5.3.5. Causing extensive destruction

5.3.5.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.5.2. National implementation

5.3.6. Seizure of means of transport

5.3.6.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.6.2. National implementation

5.3.7. Offences concerning weapons and explosives

5.3.7.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.7.2. National implementation

5.3.8. The release of dangerous substances and causing fires, floods and explosions

5.3.8.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.8.2. National implementation

5.3.9. Interfering with the supply of fundamental natural resources

5.3.9.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.9.2. National implementation

5.3.10. Threats

5.3.10.1. The Framework Decision

5.3.10.2. National implementation

5.4. The terrorist aim

5.4.1. Introduction

5.4.2. The concept of an 'aim'

5.4.2.1. The Framework Decision

5.4.2.2. National implementation

5.4.3. The structure of this condition

5.4.3.1. The Framework Decision

5.4.3.2. National implementation

5.4.4. Seriously intimidating a population

5.4.4.1. The Framework Decision

5.4.4.2. National implementation

5.4.5. Unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act

5.4.5.1. The Framework Decision

5.4.5.2. National implementation

5.4.6. Seriously destabilising or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organisation

5.4.6.1. The Framework Decision

5.4.6.2. National implementation

5.5. The dangerousness of the act

5.5.1. The Framework Decision

5.5.2. National implementation

5.6. Attempts

5.6.1. The Framework Decision

5.6.2. National implementation

5.7. Aiding and abetting

5.7.1. The Framework Decision

5.7.2. National implementation

5.8. Incitement

5.8.1. The Framework Decision

5.8.2. National implementation

5.9. The level of penalties

5.9.1. The Framework Decision

5.9.2. National implementation

5.9.2.1. Introduction

5.9.2.2. Denmark

5.9.2.3. Norway

5.9.2.4. Sweden

5.9.2.5. Finland

5.9.2.6. The Netherlands

5.9.2.7. Germany

5.10. Conclusion

Chapter 6. Offences Relating to a Terrorist Group

6.1. Introduction

6.2. The duty to ensure criminalisation

6.2.1. The Framework Decision

6.2.2. National implementation

6.3. The definition of a 'terrorist group'

6.3.1. The Framework Decision

6.3.2. National implementation

6.4. Participation in the activities of a terrorist group

6.4.1. The Framework Decision

6.4.2. National implementation

6.5. Direction of a terrorist group

6.5.1. The Framework Decision

6.5.2. National implementation

6.6. Attempts

6.6.1. The Framework Decision

6.6.2. National implementation

6.7. Aiding and abetting

6.7.1. The Framework Decision

6.7.2. National implementation

6.8. Incitement

6.8.1. The Framework Decision

6.8.2. National implementation

6.9. The level of penalties

6.9.1. The EU Framework Decision

6.9.2. National implementation

6.10. Conclusion

Chapter 7. Offences Linked to Terrorist Offences

7.1. Introduction

7.2. The duty to ensure criminalisation

7.2.1. The Framework Decision

7.2.2. National implementation

7.3. The basic offences

7.3.1. Aggravated theft

7.3.2. Extortion

7.3.3. Drawing up false administrative documents

7.4. With a view to committing terrorist offences

7.4.1. The Framework Decision

7.4.2. National implementation

7.5. Attempts

7.6. Aiding and abetting

7.7. Incitement

7.8. The level of penalties

7.8.1. The Framework Decision

7.8.2. National implementation

7.9. Conclusion

Chapter 8. Financing of Terrorism

8.1. Introduction

8.2. The duty to ensure criminalisation

8.2.1. Resolution 1373 and related international obligations

8.2.2. National implementation

8.3. Financing of terrorist acts

8.3.1. Introduction

8.3.2. The concept of 'funds'

8.3.3. The illegal acts of financing

8.3.4. Criminal conduct it is not permitted to finance

8.3.5. The fault requirements

8.4. Financial support of terrorists and related entities

8.4.1. Introduction

8.4.2. The concepts of 'funds' etc. and 'financial services'

8.4.3. The illegal acts of financing

8.4.4. The subjects it is not permitted to finance

8.4.5. The fault requirement

8.5. Attempts

8.6. Aiding and abetting

8.7. Incitement

8.8. The level of penalties

8.9. Conclusion

Chapter 9. Other Planning and Preparation of Terrorism

9.1. Introduction

9.2. The duty to ensure criminalisation

9.2.1. Resolution 1373

9.2.2. National implementation

9.3. Conspiracy to engage in terrorism

9.3.1. Introduction

9.3.2. The agreement

9.3.3. Criminal conduct it is not permitted to agree upon

9.3.4. The fault requirements

9.3.5. Other related offences

9.4. Physical preparation of terrorism

9.4.1. Introduction

9.4.2. Criminal conduct it is not permitted to prepare

9.4.3. The objects and methods it is not permitted to use for preparatory purposes

9.4.4. The fault requirements

9.5. Attempts

9.6. Aiding and abetting

9.7. Incitement

9.8. The level of penalties

9.9. Conclusion

Chapter 10. The Scope of National Jurisdiction

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Territorial jurisdiction and the locus delicti

10.2.1. Resolution 1373 and related international obligations

10.2.2. The Framework Decision

10.2.3. National law

10.3. Extraterritorial jurisdiction

10.3.1. Resolution 1373 and related international obligations

10.3.2. The Framework Decision

10.3.2.1. Introduction

10.3.2.2. Active personality jurisdiction

10.3.2.3. Jurisdiction over legal persons

10.3.2.4. Passive personality jurisdiction

10.3.2.5. Protective jurisdiction

10.3.2.6. Optional EU-wide jurisdiction

10.3.3. National implementation

10.3.3.1. Introduction

10.3.3.2. Denmark

10.3.3.3. Norway

10.3.3.4. Sweden

10.3.3.5. Finland

10.3.3.6. The Netherlands

10.3.3.7. Germany

10.4. Jurisdiction where extradition is refused

10.4.1. Resolution 1373 and related international obligations

10.4.2. The Framework Decision

10.4.3. National implementation

10.5. Concurrent jurisdictions

10.5.1. Resolution 1373 and related international obligations

10.5.2. The Framework Decision

10.5.3. National implementation

10.6. Conclusion

Chapter 11. The Exclusion of Actions by Military Forces, Resistance Movements and Demonstrators?

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Resolution 1373

11.3. The EU Framework Decision

11.3.1. Introduction

11.3.2. Actions by armed forces in armed conflict

11.3.2.1. Introduction

11.3.2.2. Governed by international humanitarian law

11.3.2.3. Armed conflict

11.3.2.4. Armed forces

11.3.3. Actions by the armed forces of a state outside armed conflict

11.3.4. Acts in the interest of preserving or restoring democratic values

11.3.5. Acts in the exercise of the right to manifest one's opinions

11.4. National Implementation

11.4.1. Introduction

11.4.2. Actions by armed forces in armed conflict

11.4.3. Actions by the armed forces of a state outside armed conflict

11.4.4. Acts in the interest of preserving or restoring democratic values

11.4.5. Acts in the exercise of the right to manifest one's opinions

11.5. Conclusion

Chapter 12. General Conclusions

12.1. Introduction

12.2. The process of multilevel criminal legislation

12.2.1. Introduction

12.2.2. The development of international framework legislation

12.2.3. The response of the national legal orders

12.2.4. The states' margin of discretion

12.3. The outcome in national criminal legislation

12.3.1. Introduction

12.3.2. Terrorism as a discrete crime

12.3.3. Extensive criminalisation of preparatory acts

12.3.4. Aggravated level of punishment

12.3.5. Extended extraterritorial applicability of national law

12.3.6. Increased complexity of national law

12.4. Epilogue

Bibliography

Conventions

National Legislation

Other Abbreviations

UN Security Council Resolution 1373

EU Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism

Index