Consider Somaliland

pp.：  3 – 3

Copyright

pp.：  4 – 4

Dedication

pp.：  5 – 6

Contents

pp.：  7 – 10

List of Abbreviations

pp.：  11 – 12

List of Illustrations

pp.：  13 – 14

Acknowledgements

pp.：  15 – 16

A Note on Somali Orthography and Transliteration

pp.：  17 – 22

Introduction: Places That Do Not Exist

pp.：  23 – 34

A. State-Making in Somaliland

pp.：  24 – 26

B. Data Collection

pp.：  27 – 30

C. Plan of the Book

pp.：  31 – 34

I Challenging Received Notions of Statehood, State Failure and State-Building

pp.：  35 – 54

A. Defining a State: Somaliland’s Claim to Statehood

pp.：  37 – 38

B. Failing What?

pp.：  39 – 42

C. Persistent Anachronisms

pp.：  43 – 43

D. Anachronisms as Patches for State Failure

pp.：  44 – 46

E. Invented Traditions and the Making of African States: A Two Way-Process

pp.：  47 – 48

F. State-Making Reconsidered: Bringing Politics Back in

pp.：  49 – 50

G. Concluding Remarks: Concepts, Discourse and Politics

pp.：  51 – 54

II The Failing State. What Has Clan Got to Do With It?

pp.：  55 – 80

A. The Somaliland Protectorate and the Introduction of the Modern Nation State

pp.：  57 – 63

B. Colonial Administration and State Building

pp.：  64 – 66

C. Clanship Mediated Politics in Cold War Somalia

pp.：  67 – 78

D. Concluding Remarks: Failed State Building?

pp.：  79 – 80

III The Emergence of the Somali National Movement as a Clan-Supported Opposition Force

pp.：  81 – 108

A. Growing Oppositions in the Northwest

pp.：  82 – 93

B. Becoming Isaaq

pp.：  94 – 100

C. SNM Fighting in the Northwest

pp.：  101 – 106

D. Concluding Remarks

pp.：  107 – 108

IV Clan Elders and the Forging of a Hybrid State

pp.：  109 – 138

A. The Role of Clan Elders in the Undoing of the SNM

pp.：  109 – 117

B. SNM Heartland: Clan Elders’ Negotiating Power over State Resources

pp.：  118 – 125

C. Peace, Governance and State Outside the Isaaq Heartland

pp.：  126 – 136

D. Conclusion

pp.：  137 – 138

V “At the Centre of Peace and War”: Pragmatic State Building Under the Egal Government, 1993–1997

pp.：  139 – 174

A. Somaliland and UNOSOM II

pp.：  139 – 147

B. The Airport War

pp.：  148 – 161

C. Regime Consolidation via War … and ‘Traditional’ Peace Making

pp.：  162 – 171

D. Concluding Remarks

pp.：  172 – 174

VI Looking Like a Proper State

pp.：  175 – 198

A. The Hargeysa ‘Clan Conference’ and the End of Clan-Based Representation

pp.：  176 – 180

B. Undoing Local Governance Arrangements While Outsourcing Security and Public Order

pp.：  181 – 189

C. Centralising Symbolic and Material Resources

pp.：  190 – 195

D. Concluding Remarks

pp.：  196 – 198

VII Claiming the Eastern Borderlands

pp.：  199 – 218

A. The Dhulbahante and Somaliland

pp.：  200 – 202

B. Competing State Claims

pp.：  203 – 211

C. Shifting Sands and Loose Ends

pp.：  212 – 215

D. Concluding Remarks

pp.：  216 – 218

VIII Egal’s Political and Institutional Tailpiece

pp.：  219 – 246

A. The Referendum on the Draft Constitution and the Introduction of the Multi-party System

pp.：  220 – 225

B. The Opposition Sultaans

pp.：  226 – 232

C. Toward the First Election

pp.：  233 – 242

D. Conclusion

pp.：  243 – 246

IX Somaliland as a Model for Building Proper States?

pp.：  247 – 288

A. Transitioning into the Post-Egal Era

pp.：  250 – 257

B. The Elections: Clan Politics Through the Back Door

pp.：  258 – 276

C. Somaliland after the First Round of Elections under the Multi-party System

pp.：  277 – 284

D. Conclusion

pp.：  285 – 288

Bibliography

pp.：  289 – 304

Index

pp.：  305 – 311