Preface and Acknowledgment

Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Introduction

1. Purpose of Study

2. Summary of Questions and Arguments

Chapter 2 Description of the Situation

A. Background of Refugee Crises of Iraq

1. The Kurds of Iraq

2. The Shiites of Iraq

3. The Mesopotamian Background

4. British Occupation and Mandatory Regime

5. The Politics of Iraq and its Government

6. Major Powers and the International Community

7. The Refugee Crisis of 1974 – Detailed Account

8. The Refugee Crisis of 1988 – Detailed Account

9. The Refugee Crisis of 1991 – Detailed Account

10. The Refugee Crisis of 1996 – Detailed Account

11. The Potential Refugee Crisis 2003

B. Role of Neighbouring Countries

1. Kuwait

2. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

3. The Syrian Arab Republic

4. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

5. The Islamic Republic of Iran

6. Republic of Turkey

7. Overall Assessment

C. Existing Humanitarian Challenges in the Region

1. Pre-Occupation Iraq

2. Iraq under Occupation

3. Conclusion

Chapter 3 Law and Humanitarian Actors

A. Role of the UN and Humanitarian Agencies Involved

1. The International Relief System and Refugee Population

2. Funding of UN Humanitarian Agencies

3. Iraq, the Test Case

4. Role of Non-Governmental Humanitarian Actors

5. The 2003 War and the Occupation of Iraq

6. Overall Assessment

B. Legal Terms of Reference

1. Architecture of Refugee Law

2. Legal Basis for Humanitarian Intervention in Iraq

3. Legal Obligations of Regional States

Chapter 4 Applicability of International Law

A. Lacunae in the Refugee Definition and Treaty Obligations

1. The Definition

2. Treaty Obligations

3. The Lacunae

4. Conclusion

B. Protection for Refugees Compared to IDPs

1. Legal Grounds for Humanitarian Intervention in Favour of IDPs

2. Protection of IDPs under International Law

3. Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement

4. Refugee Protection versus IDP Protection

5. Treatment of IDPs by International Organizations

6. Refugees versus IDPs in Iraq

7. Conclusion

C. Deficiency in Addressing Mass Influx

1. Development of the Scope of Legal Protection in Mass Influx

2. Legal Eligibility of Mass Influx Refugees

3. Measures Applied to Recent Cases of Mass Influx

4. Conclusion

D. The Principle of Burden-Sharing

1. Evolution of the Concept

2. Retrospect: The EU Practice

3. Defining Burden-sharing

4. Should Burden-sharing be an Obligation?

5. Burden-sharing in UNHCR’s Global Consultations

6. Burden-sharing in the Context of Iraq

7. Conclusion

E. Relevance of Human Rights

1. Human Rights vs. Humanitarian Law and Refugee Law

2. Human Rights as Applied to Refugees

3. Adherence of States in the Region

4. Legal Relevance of Human Rights

5. Human Right of Refugees and Sanctions in Iraq

6. Conclusion

F. Soft Laws and Precedents: Efforts to Redress Shortcomings

1. Brief Review of the Shortcomings of International Refugee Law

2. Why Soft Laws?

3. Soft Laws Formulated to Redress Shortcomings

4. Soft Laws Formulated to Weaken Protection

5. Soft Laws and Precedents for the Post War Iraq

6. Conclusion

Chapter 5 Evaluation and Recommendations

Selected Bibliography

Index