Contents

Preface

Abbreviations and Sigla

List of Tables and Plates

Introduction

1. The War Scroll and the Need for Continued Research

2. The Scope of the Present Study

3. Some Technical Matters

Chapter One The War Texts: Discovery and Identification

1. Description of the War Scroll from Cave 1

2. War Texts from Caves 4 and 11

3. Dating of the War Texts

4. Provenance of the War Texts and Possible Implications

5. Summary and Initial Observations

Chapter Two Outlining the War Scroll

1. Sense Division in the War Scroll

2. Sense Division in the Cave 4 War Texts

3. Conclusion on Sense Division in the War Scroll

4. Outlining the War Scroll

Chapter Three The War in Column 1

1. The Problem: an Apparent Lack of Coherence in the War Scroll

2. The Problem of Reconstructing 1QM 1:3–6

3. The Historical Setting of the War: a Dependence upon Daniel 11:40–12:3

4. The Participants in the War

5. The Kittim

6. The Geography of the War

7. Summary

Chapter Four The War in Column 2

1. Column 2 Overview

2. The Chronology of the War in Column 2

3. The Enemies in Column 2

4. The Sons of Light in Column 2

5. The Relationship Between Columns 1 and 2 and its Implications

Chapter Five The War in Columns 3-19

1. Columns 15–19

2. Columns 3–9

3. Columns 10–14

4. Additional Matters Pertaining to Columns 3–19

5. Two Stages but Three Traditions

Chapter Six The War Scroll and the Rule of the Congregation

1. Basic Similarities

2. The Importance of Licht's Insights

3. The Complementarity of the War Scroll with its Two Stages in the Eschatological War

4. The War against the Kittim: the Harbinger of the Messianic Age

5. Of Priests and Levites

6. Sectarian Usage of the Term "Congregation"

7. Israel's Leadership during the Eschaton

Chapter Seven The Cave 4 War Texts

1. The Evidence from the Cave 4 Material

2. Conclusions

3. Historical Considerations

Summary and Synthesis

Bibliography

General Index

Index of Ancient Sources

Index of Modern Authors