Table of Contents

Series Editor's Preface

Preface

List of Abbreviations

Table of Treaties Instruments and Declarations

Chapter 1 The Impact of Human Uses on the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction

A. Introduction

B. The Physical Characteristics of the Open Ocean and Deep Seabed Environments

1. Marine Biological Divisions of the Ocean

2. Biogeographic Divisions of the Ocean

3. Seafloor Topography

C. Deep Sea Habitats

1. Seamounts

2. Hydrothermal Vents

3. Cold Seeps and Pockmarks

4. Deep Sea Trenches

5. Deep Sea Coral Reefs

D. Threats to the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction from Human Activities

1. Threats Associated with Marine Living Resource Exploitation

2. Threats Associated with Marine Transport

3. Threats Associated with Deep Seabed Mining

4. Threats Associated with Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research

5. Threats Associated with Climate Change Mitigation Activities

E. Conclusion

Chapter 2 Chapter The Law 2 of the Sea Convention Framework for Regulating Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

A. Introduction

B. The High Seas Regime

1. Invalidity of Sovereign Claims over the High Seas

2. Freedoms of the High Seas

3. Flag State Jurisdiction

4. Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas

C. The Seabed Beyond National Jurisdiction

D. Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment

1. General Provisions

2. Global and Regional Cooperation in Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction

3. Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring

4. Prescriptive Jurisdiction over Pollution of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction

5. Enforcement Jurisdiction over Pollution of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction

E. Conclusion

Chapter 3 Developing Complementary Principles for Regulating the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction

A. Introduction

B. Establishing a Framework for Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment

1. Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment

C. Integrated and Ecosystem Based Management of the Marine Environment

1. World Conservation Strategy – IUCN/UNEP/WWF Report 1980

2. Our Common Future – Brundtland Report 1987

3. Caring for the Earth – A Strategy for Sustainable Living – IUCN/UNEP/WWF Report, 1991

4. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992

5. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992

6. World Summit on Sustainable Development – Johannesburg 2002

D. Conclusion

Chapter 4 Sectoral Implementation of Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction – Marine Living Resource Exploitation and Maritime Transport

A. Introduction

B. The Exploitation of Marine Living Resources Beyond National Jurisdiction – Regulatory Framework for Environmental Protection

1. 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement

2. FAO Code for Responsible Fisheries, 1995

3. FAO High Seas Compliance Agreement, 1993

4. Regional Fisheries Management Organizations

5. Overall Assessment of RFMO Performance in relation to Protection of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction

C. Maritime Transport Beyond National Jurisdiction – Environmental Regulation

1. Vessel Source Pollution

2. Invasive Aquatic Species in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

3. Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas

4. The Effectiveness of the Maritime Transport Framework for Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

Chapter 5 Sectoral Implementation of Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction – Deep Seabed Mining

A. Introduction

B. ISA Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area

1. Polymetallic Nodule Environmental Guidelines and State Practice in Complying with Polymetallic Nodules Regulations

C. Draft ISA Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides and Ferromanganese Cobalt Rich Crusts (PSFCRC Regulations)

D. Conclusion

Chapter 6 Regional Implementation of Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

A. Introduction

B. UNEP Regional Seas Conventions and their Application to Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

1. Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and ?Environment ?of ?the ?South ?Pacific ?Region ?(Noumea ?Convention)

2. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention)

3. Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention)

4. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and ?Coastal?Areas?of?the?South?East?Pacific?(Lima ?Convention)

C. Non UNEP Regional Marine Environmental Protection Regimes and their Application to Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

1. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)

2. Integrated Protection of the Antarctic Marine Environment

D. Conclusion

Chapter 7 Chapter International 7 Initiatives to Strengthen the Environmental Protection Framework for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction 207 A. Introduction

B. Current International Discussions on the Protection of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction

1. United Nations Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS)

2. BBNJ Working Group

3. Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of the Parties (CBD COP)

4. FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI)

5. IUCN High Seas Governance for the 21st Century Workshop

C. Options for Strengthening the Environmental Protection Framework for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

1. Soft Law Declaration of Oceans Governance Principles for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

2. Global Binding Instruments to Strengthen Environmental Protection Beyond National Jurisdiction

3. Regional Agreements

D. Conclusion

Bibliography

Index