Abbreviations

Primary sources

Tables of cases

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

Part I Theoretical Model

Chapter 1 Religious Children

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 General considerations

1 Psychology and spirituality

2 Sociology

Section 3 Specific religions

1 Christianity

2 Islam

3 Hinduism

4 Sikhism

5 Non-traditional religions

A Jehovah's Witnesses

B The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

6 New religious movements

A Wiccas, neopaganism, and the New Age movement

B International Society for Krishna Consciousness

C Osho Ko Hsuan School and Sahaja Yoga

D In search of truth

Section 4 Conclusion

Chapter 2 A Model of the Right of the Child to Religious Freedom

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Theories of rights

1 Non-rights based theories on the legal position of children

2 The will theory

3 The interest theory

Section 3 The autonomy of the child

1 Introduction

2 Autonomy claims

3 Paternalistic interventions

4 Relevance for religious freedom

5 Conclusion

Section 4 Legal framework

1 The important interest of the child as a legal right

2 The state as holder of duties

3 Negative rights of the child

4 Positive rights of the child

A Protective rights

B Procedural rights

C Substantive rights

Section 5 Conclusion

Part II International Law

Chapter 3 The ICCPR

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Freedom of choice

Section 3 Freedom of manifestation

Section 4 Limitations

Section 5 Education

Section 6 Application to children

Chapter 4 The UNCRC

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Underlying tensions

1 Importance of the family and parental rights

2 Evolving capacities and religious freedom

3 Other interactions within Article 14

A The best interests of children

B The participatory rights of children

C Age-limits

4 Conclusion

Section 3 Freedom of choice

1 The travaux préparatoires

2 The recognition of the right

3 The influence of age

4 Conclusion

Section 4 Freedom of manifestation

1 The travaux préparatoires

2 Scheme of protection

3 Worship

4 Observance

5 Teaching

6 Practice

7 Conclusion

Section 5 Limitations

Section 6 Education

1 The travaux préparatoires

2 Instruction in the child's own religion

3 Choice and opting-out

4 Contents of religious education

5 Conclusion

Section 7 Conclusion

Chapter 5 The Special Rapporteur

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Underlying tensions

Section 3 Education, exemptions and parental rights

Section 4 Content of education

Section 5 Discrimination against children in education

Section 6 Forced conversions

Section 7 Religious practices

Section 8 Persecution

Section 9 Beyond the current approach

Section 10 Conclusion

Chapter 6 The ECHR

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Scheme of protection

1 Introduction

2 Article 9 case law

3 Application to children

4 Conclusion

Section 3 Freedom of religious choice

1 Introduction

2 Article 9 caselaw

3 Application to children

A Meaning of coercion for children

B Bringing a child into a religious tradition

4 Conclusion

Section 4 Freedom of manifestation

1 Introduction

2 Article 9 caselaw

A Traditional caselaw on individual believers

B Recent caselaw on religious communities

3 Application to children

A Children manifesting a religion

B Children potentially affected by a manifestation

4 Conclusion

Section 5 Beyond the current approach

Section 6 Conclusion

Chapter 7 Concluding Chapter

Selected bibliography

Index